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# Pathways to Chemistry

Chemistry for College, Middle and High School, Homeschooled Students, Teachers and Parents

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Blog](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/blog/) - Chemistry and education information.
- [Our New Courses to Prepare Students for University/College](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/our-new-courses-to-prepare-students-for-universitycollege/) - We are excited to announce that we will be offering courses in the physical sciences and in math for students that need to prepare for university/college level courses. As we all know, many of our students are not prepared for college courses.
- [Check out the Latest Release of the Periodic Table](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/check-out-the-latest-release-of-the-periodic-table/) - The latest release of the Periodic Table, November 28, 2016 includes the recently added elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 with their names and symbols. You can view the periodic table on the IUPAC website (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Browse the site to find out the process of naming new elements and
- [Chemistry Study Guides For General Chemistry 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-study-guides-for-general-chemistry-1/) - We are now working on study guides for General Chemistry 1. These guides are meant to be a supplement to your textbook. The study guide topics are presented in the same order as in most general chemistry text books.
- [Chemistry Olympiad Registration](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-olympiad-registration/) - Please register your students here for the Chemistry Olympiad 2015. The teacher's name, high school, and email address are all required. You can enter the names of up to 12 students per school. Please click the "SUBMIT" button when you are finished entering the names.
- [Chemistry Lab Page Created](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-lab-page-created/) - We have created a chemistry lab page. The activities on this page can be used in the classroom or even at home. Most of the activities include everyday household chemicals. If you cannot obtain enough materials for your students you can always use these activities as demonstrations. These activities are also great for homeschooled students.
- [Videos on Buffers have been Posted](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/videos-on-buffers-have-been-posted/) - Please check out our new videos on buffers. Here we cover how to calculate the pH of a buffer solutions using and ICE table. Next we calculate the pH of a buffer using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. We then move on to the calculation of the pH when sodium hydroxide has been added to a buffered
- [New Quiz on Significant Figures Posted](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/new-quiz-on-significant-figures-posted/) - We have posted a new quiz on Significant Figures. The quizzes are meant to test your understanding of the basic material. The questions on this quiz are in both multiple choice and fill in the blank format. You can review the quiz after it is completed. Check out our other quizzes and videos for more
- [Equilibrium Videos are Posted](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/equilibrium-videos-are-posted/) - Below are the links to our videos on equilibrium. First we start with manipulating equations to determine an overall equation and equilibrium constant. We then move on to converting between Kc and Kp. Next we work with equilibrium constants and balanced equations. The last 6 videos cover many types of equilibrium problems that you will
- [Chemistry Olympiad 2014 Registration is Open](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-olympiad-2014-registration-is-open/) - Registration for the 2014 Chemistry Olympiad is now open. Teachers please register your students by February 28, 2014. The local exam will be administered at Cleveland State University on March 15, 2014. For more information on the 2014 Chemistry Olympiad, please click here. Parents that home school their children, please contact Dr. Anne O'Connor for
- [New Interactive Chemistry Quizzes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/new-interactive-chemistry-quizzes/) - We have added a self-quiz feature to our website. The quizzes are on many different topics and are interactive. The quiz problems are in different formats: matching, multiple choice, fill in the blanks, drag and drop, etc. We believe the quizzes will help students prepare better for lectures, quizzes, and exams. The quizzes will cover
- [2014 Chemistry Olympiad](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/2014-chemistry-olympiad/) - We are now in the process of planning the 2014 Chemistry Olympiad for the local Cleveland section of the ACS. The registration form will be ready in mid-December. The local competition is scheduled for March 16, 2014 at Cleveland State University. More information will be posted in December. The local competition is open to all
- [We have now added Chemistry Tutorials](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/we-have-now-added-chemistry-tutorials/) - Chemistry tutorials will be posted daily.
- [News at Pathways to Chemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/news-at-pathways-to-chemistry/) - It has been a busy summer, and fall semester is now looming ahead. We are excited about the upcoming General Chemistry Symposium in March 2014. We already have lined up several guest speakers, and we are planning many workshops and talks. More to come later!! We are still working on the newsletter from the last
- [Better Pay for Adjuncts](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/better-pay-for-adjuncts/) - Better Pay for Adjuncts "'Professor Staff’ Dominates Today’s Colleges" is a discussion that was broadcast on NPR, The Sound of Ideas, on Tuesday, June 4, 2013. In the discussion, the lack of benefits and pay for adjunct professors and part-time faculty is addressed. In many colleges and universities up to 70% of courses offered are
- [Thanks to all for Making the Symposium a Success](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/general-chemistry-symposium-update/) - The General Chemistry Symposium welcomed attendees with two days of informative talks and discussions as well as a social event the first evening with interesting posters, wine, and appetizers. There was a feeling of appreciation at CSU for providing this opportunity for those of us who are dedicated to the effective teaching of chemistry. We
- [Forum now Available](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/forum-now-available/) - We have created several initial forums on Pathways to Chemistry for teachers. Even though this is a chemistry website, the challenges and rewards of teaching are the same regardless of the topic. Both parents that homeschool their children and teachers are welcome to discuss the issues and challenges of teaching in both the classroom and
- [Just 4 days until the General Chemistry Symposium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/just-4-days-until-the-general-chemistry-symposium/) - Everything for the symposium is all set!! Many people have worked hard over the last few weeks and are still working to make sure the event is well organized and enjoyed by all who attend. We are excited to see old friends and meet new ones. This is a wonderful opportunity for us to exchange
- [The General Chemistry Symposium:  Today's Challenges for Teachers of Chemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/the-general-chemistry-symposium/) - We have all been working hard organizing the General Chemistry Symposium. It will be a very informative couple of days. We are still working on the schedule of talks/posters/workshops, and we have some very interesting topics that will be presented at the symposium. We have all seen many changes over the years, but today in
- [Introduction To Blog](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/introduction-to-blog/) - Welcome to our chemistry blog. We teach chemistry at the college level and have worked with elementary, middle school, and high school students. We are also married. There is plenty of time for us at the end of the day to discuss chemistry and teaching. We just finished up a very busy spring semester and have already started
- [Chemistry Olympiad 2013 ACS Cleveland Section](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-olympiad-2013-acs-cleveland-section/) - I am in the process of planning the Cleveland ACS Chemistry Olympiad local competition. It is set for March 16, 2013 at Cleveland State University. This year I hope to see more local schools participate. This is a wonderful opportunity for students and teachers. More information about the chemistry olympiad is avaialble on the ACS

## Pages

- [Home](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/) - Get ready to ace your chemistry classes with Pathways to Chemistry! Our study guides, videos, quizzes, and worksheets cater to students from primary to college levels. We are also gearing up to offer courses in physical sciences and math by January 2024. Check us out now!
- [Solutions to Weak Acid Equilibria Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/weak-acid-equilibria/solutions-to-weak-acid-equilibria-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What is the pH of aqueous 0.25 M nitrous acid, HNO2? Ka = 4.5 x 10-4. First, write the equation and the Ka expression. HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇄ NO2- + H3O+ (aq) \(\displaystyle K_a\;=\;\frac{[\mathrm{NO_2^-}][\mathrm{H_3O^+}]}{[\mathrm{HNO_2}]}\;=\;4.5\times 10^{-4}\) Set up an ICE table. Put the equilibrium concentrations into the Ka expression. \(\displaystyle
- [The Reaction Quotient](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/the-reaction-quotient/) - The equilibrium constant, Kc, is only used with equilibrium concentrations at a given temperature. To determine the concentrations at any point during the reaction, the reaction quotient, Q, also called the Law of Mass Action is used. Consider the following general reaction. \(aA + bB ⇄ cC + dD\) \(\displaystyle Q_c\;=\;\frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}\;\;\;or\;\;\;\;\; Q_p\;=\;\frac{P_C^cP_D^d}{P_A^aP_B^b}\) If you know
- [CHM 251 Lecture 5](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/chm-251-lecture-5/)
- [Blackboard Ultra Collaborate](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/blackboard-ultra-collaborate/) - Back to Syllabi and Course Videos Back to Home
- [Blackboard Ultra Navigation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/blackboard-ultra-navigation/) - Back to Syllabi and Course Videos Back to Home
- [Syllabus CHM 252 SP 2026](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/syllabus-chm-252-sp-2026/) - Back to Syllabi and Course Videos Back to Home
- [Syllabi and Course Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/) - CHM 252 Syllabus Spring 2026 CHM 252 Blackboard Ultra Navigation Blackboard Ultra Collaborate CHM 251 Syllabus Fall 2024 CHM 252 Syllabus Spring 2023 CHM 261 Syllabus Fall 22 CHM 251 Syllabus Fall 2022 Access to Mastering and Course Layout CHM 261 How to Access Office Hours Fall 22 How to Navigate Blackboard Collaborate Ultra CHM
- [Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Solutions to Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/bronsted-lowry-acids-and-bases/bronsted-lowry-acids-and-bases-solutions-to-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. For each of the following conjugate acid-base pairs, indicate which species is the acid and which is the base. Draw Lewis structures that show all valence electrons and the formal charges. a) CO32- and HCO3- HCO3- is the acid, and its conjugate base is CO32-. b) CH3OH and CH3OH2+ CH3OH2+ is the
- [Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/bronsted-lowry-acids-and-bases/) - We have already looked at the Bronsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases in the Bronsted-Lowry Theory Study Guide. Recall, an acid is a species that is a proton donor, and a base is a species that is a proton acceptor. A positively charged hydrogen ion is a proton. In the reaction below, HBr is an
- [Review of Atoms, Molecules, Orbitals, and Bonding](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/review-of-atoms-molecules-orbitals-and-bonding/) - Organic compounds are those that contain carbon. There are more organic compounds than inorganic compounds. May organic compounds are synthesized but proteins, enzymes, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, etc. are well known organic compounds. There are over 20 million known organic compounds. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing its electrons It can share with other
- [The Scientific Method](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/the-scientific-method/) - Discover the systematic scientific approach behind new discoveries. Learn about the Scientific Method, observation, hypotheses, experiments, and theories. Explore more in this engaging study guide.
- [Balancing Chemical Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/balancing-chemical-equations/) - A chemical reaction has reactants on the left side of the arrow and products, the new materials formed, on the right of the arrow. Reactants → products You can think of a chemical reaction as a rearrangement of atoms. In the reactants, bonds are broken, and new bonds are formed in the products. The Law
- [Solutions to Exercises Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/solutions-to-exercises-ionic-compounds-with-polyatomic-ions/) - Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1. Name the following compounds 1. Fe(OH)3; Iron(III) hydroxide 2. Mg3(PO4)2; magnesium phosphate 3. CuNO3; copper(III) nitrate 4. Ca(CH3COOH)2; calcium acetate 5. Co(HCO3)2; cobalt(II) hydrogen carbonate Exercise 2. Write chemical formulas for the following. 1. copper(II) sulfate; CuSO4 2. strontium hypoiodite; Sr(IO)2 3. manganese(IV) perbromate; Mn(BrO4)4 4. iron(II) phosphate; Fe3(PO4)2 5.
- [Ionic Compounds With Polyatomic Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/ionic-compounds-with-polyatomic-ions/) - In this study guide we will discuss polyatomic ions and how to name ionic compounds with polyatomic ions. First, let's define a polyatomic ion.
- [Kinetics and Equilibrium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kinetics-and-equilibrium/) - Recall, equilibrium is dynamic and is the result of the forward and reverse reaction rates being equal to one another. In a previous study guide, we related the rate constants for a one step reaction to the equilibrium constant. For the general reaction: aA + bB ⇄ cD + dD We assume both the
- [The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Production](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/the-electron-transport-chain-and-atp-production/) - In this video we continue with the generation of biochemical energy. We introduce the electron transport chain. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB chemistry course.
- [EText and Mastering](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/etext-and-mastering/)
- [CHM 252 Syllabus 2025](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/19059-2/)
- [Spring 2025 CHM 252 Navigation of Blackboard](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/spring-2025-chm-252-navigation-of-blackboard/)
- [Le Chatelier's Principle Worksheet](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/le-chateliers-principle-worksheet/) - LeChateliersPrinciple Answer Key Back to Le Chatelier's Principle Study Guide
- [Le Chatelier's Principle Worksheet Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/le-chateliers-principle-worksheet/le-chateliers-principle-worksheet-answer-key/) - LeChateliersPrincipleAnswerKeu
- [Solutions/Answers to Equilibrium Constant Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/solutions-answers-to-equilibrium-constant-exercises/) - Learn the secrets of chemical equilibrium with these exercises. Calculate Kc, draw reaction diagrams, and more. Get started now!
- [Le Chatelier's Principle](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/le-chateliers-principle/) - Many reactions will reach equilibrium. Theoretically all reactions will eventually reach equilibrium. If a reaction is in equilibrium, no net changes are observed. Equilibrium is dynamic, but the ratio of the product to reactant concentrations remain constant. So, how would a chemical manufacturer make money if this is the case? Well, according to Le Chatelier's
- [Solutions to Exercises for Le Chatelier's Principle](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/le-chateliers-principle/solutions-to-exercises-for-le-chateliers-principle/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the following reaction that is at equilibrium. 2 Fe (s) + 3 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe2O3 (s) + 3 H2 (g) What effect would the following changes have on the position of equilibrium? a) decrease the volume of the reaction container There are 3 moles of gas on the reactant side
- [Study Guides for General Chemistry 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2-2/) - Click on a study guide of interest. I. Liquids Properties of Liquids Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point Phase Changes Heating and Cooling Curves The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Phase Diagrams III. Kinetics Rate of Reaction Rate Laws and Reaction Order Instantaneous Rates Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Determine Rate Law from Plot of the Data Reaction
- [Chemical Equilibrium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/) - In this series of study guides, we will discuss equilibrium. Please click on a study guide of interest. Equilibrium: The Equilibrium Constant The Reaction Quotient The Relationship Between Kc and Kp Kc Relationship to Balanced Chemical Equation Problem Solving and Kc The Simplifying Assumption Le Chatelier's Principle
- [Solutions for Bohr Model Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/solutions-for-bohr-model-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate the energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom if the electron is excited from n = 2 to n = 6. Calculate the wavelength when the electron transitions from n = 6 to n = 2. \(\displaystyle h\nu\;=\;-2.179\times\;10^{-18}\;J\times\;\Biggl (\frac{1}{6^2}\;-\;\frac{1}{2^2}\Biggr )\;=\;4.87\times\;10^{-19}\;J\) \(\displaystyle \frac{1}{\lambda}\;=\;1.097\times\;10^7\;m^{-1}\;\Biggl (\frac{1}{2^2}\;-\;\frac{1}{6^2}\Biggr )\;=\;2438\;m^{-1}\) 1/2438 m-1 =
- [Bohr's Model: Line Spectra](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/bohrs-model-line-spectra/) - In the last study guide we learned that electromagnetic radiation has both wave and particle properties. In this study guide we will discuss how light and matter interact. The light we see from the sun or from a lightbulb is called white light because it consists of all the colors in the visible spectrum. It
- [Solutions Born Haber Cycle Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/solutions-born-haber-cycle-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate the net energy change in kJ/mol when solid MgF2 is formed from its elements: Mg (s) + F2 (g) → MgF2 (s). Sketch a Born-Haber cycle for the process. First write the equations and energy for each step. Add the equations and the energies to get the net equation
- [CHM 251 Syllabus Fall 24](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/chm-251-syllabus-fall-24/)
- [Solutions Exercises Molarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/solutions-exercises-molarity/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What is the concentration, M, of an aqueous solution prepared by adding enough solvent to 4.75 g of CaCl2 to make 250.00 mL of solution. \(\displaystyle M\;=\;\frac{moles\;solute}{L\;solution}\) We need to convert 4.75 g of CaCl2 to moles--0.0428 moles. We then convert the 250.00 mL of solution to liters--0.25000 L. \(\displaystyle M\;=\;\frac{0.0428\;CaCl_2}{0.25000\;L\;solution}\;=\;\mathbf{0.171\;M}\) Exercise
- [Problem Solving and Kc Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-and-problem-solving/problem-solving-and-kc-answer-key/)
- [Kc and Kp](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/kc-and-kp/) - KcandKp Answer Key Back to Problem Solving Kc Study Guide
- [Catalysts Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/catalysts-2/catalysts-answer-key/) - CatalystsAnswerKey Back to Catalyst Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Catalysts Study Guide
- [Catalysts](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/catalysts-2/) - Catalysts Worksheet Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Catalysts Study Guide
- [Multi-Step Energy Diagrams Exercise Solutions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/energy-diagrams-for-multistep-reactions/multi-step-energy-diagrams-exercise-solutions/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the following energy diagram to answer the questions. a) How many steps? Three b) Which is the rate determining step? Step 2 c) Which is the fastest step? Step 3 d) Which step has a higher rate constant, k? Step 3 e) Is the overall reaction exothermic or endothermic? f) How
- [Potential Energy Diagrams Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/potential-energy-diagrams-answer-key/) - PotentialEnergyDiagramsAnswerKey Back to Potential Energy Diagrams Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Reaction Mechanisms Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/reaction-mechanisms/reaction-mechanisms-answer-key/) - ReactionMechanismsAnswerKey Back to Reaction Mechanisms Worksheet Back to Reaction Mechanisms Study Guide
- [Initial Rates](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/initial-rates/) - For the general reaction, A + 2B → C + D, the rate law will have the form Rate = [A]m[B]n To determine the exponents, m and n, we run a series of experiments in which one reactant concentration changes while the other is kept constant. We then measure the effect on the initial rate
- [Solutions to Instantaneous Rate Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/solutions-to-instantaneous-rate-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Use the initial rate data below to determine the order with respect to [A] and [B] for the reaction 2A + B → C. What is the order of the overall reaction? Rate = k[A]m[B]n First, look at experiments 1 and 2 to determine the exponent m. It works best to have
- [Initial Rates](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/initial-rates/) - InitialRates Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Initial Rates Study Guide
- [Reaction Order and Rate Law Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/reaction-order-and-rate-law/reaction-order-and-rate-law-answer-key/) - ReactionOrderandRateLawAnswerKey Back to Reaction Order and Rate Law Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Rate Laws and Reaction Order Study Guide
- [Reaction Order and Rate Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/reaction-order-and-rate-law/) - ReactionOrderandRateLaw Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Rate Laws and Reaction Order Study Guide
- [Potential Energy Diagram](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/potential-energy-diagram/) - PotentialEnergyDiagrams Answer Key Back to Energy Diagrams for Multi-Step Reactions Study Guide Back to General Chemistry 2 Study Guides
- [Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/energy-diagrams-for-multistep-reactions/) - The following overall reaction can be represented in an energy diagram. 2 NO2 (g) + F2 (g) → 2 NO2F (g) The accepted mechanism for the reaction is: NO2 (g) + F2 (g) → NO2F (g) + F (g) (slow step) F (g) + NO2 (g) → NO2F (g) (fast step) Below shows an energy
- [Reaction Mechanisms](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/reaction-mechanisms/) - The mechanism of a reaction is the sequence of the single reaction steps that sum to the overall reaction. Generally, we are presented with an overall reaction with no idea how we go from reactants to products. For example, below is an overall equation. 2 O3 (g) → 3 O2 (g) It is not obvious
- [Reaction Mechanisms](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/reaction-mechanisms/) - ReactionMechanisms Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Activation Energy Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/activation-energy/activation-energy-answer-key/) - ActivationEnergyAnswerKeu Back to Activation Energy Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Temperature, Reaction Rate, Transition State, and Arrhenius Equation Study Guide
- [Activation Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/activation-energy/) - ActivationEnergy Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Temperature, Reaction Rate, Transition State, and Arrhenius Equation Study Guide
- [Temperature, Reaction Rate, Transition State, and the Arrhenius Equation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/temperature-reaction-rate-transition-state-and-the-arrhenius-equation/) - Here we will discuss collision theory to aid in the explanation of how bonds are broken and new bonds are formed in a chemical reaction. In a previous General Chemistry 1 study guide, it was stated a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. In other words, bonds break and new bonds are formed. In
- [Determine Rate Law From Plot of the Data](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/determine-rate-law-from-plot-of-the-data/) - In the lab, we can determine the order of reaction and the rate constant by plotting the concentration vs time data. For example, the concentration of C4H9Cl was determined at 50 second and 100 second time intervals as the reaction proceeded. The balanced chemical equation is below. C4H9Cl (l) + H2O (l) → C4H9OH (l)
- [Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/integrated-rate-laws-and-half-life/integrated-rate-laws-and-half-life-answer-key/) - IntegratedRateLawsandHalfLifeAnswerKey Back to Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Study Guide
- [Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/integrated-rate-laws-and-half-life/) - IntegratedRateLawsandHalf Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Study Guide
- [Integrated Rate Laws and Half Life](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/integrated-rate-laws-and-half-life/) - Integrated rate laws include time as a variable. Here I will derive integrated rate laws for zero, first, and second order rate laws. Zero-Order Integrated Rate Law For a zeroth order reaction, A → P \(\displaystyle \mathrm{Rate}\;=\;-\frac{\Delta[A]}{\Delta t}\;=\;k[A]^0\;=\;k\) Integrate both sides of the equation. d[A] = -k dt \(\displaystyle \int_{[A]_0}^{[A]_t}\;d[A]\;=\;-k\int_{t_0}^{t}\;dt\) Both [A]0 and
- [Time Concentration Data: Plots](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/time-concentration-data-plots/) - TimeConcentrationData Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Determine Rate Law from Plot of the Data Study Guide
- [Time Concentration Data: Plots](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/time-concentration-data-plots/time-concentration-data-plots/) - TimeConcentrationDataAnswerKey Back to Time Concentration Data: Plots Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Determine Rate Law from Plot of the Data Study Guide
- [Chemical Kinetics](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/) - In this section we will discuss kinetics. Please click on a study guide. Rate of Reaction Rate Laws and Reaction Order Instantaneous Rates Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Determine Rate Law from Plot of the Data Temperature, Reaction Rate, and the Arrhenius Equation Reaction Mechanisms Energy Diagrams for Multistep Reactions Catalysts
- [Rate of Reaction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/rate-of-reaction/) - Some chemical reactions occur instantly while others take much more time. The production of NaCl from solid sodium and chlorine gas happens in an instant. Digestion can take hours to a few days while rusting of metal can take months. Diamond will convert to the more stable allotrope of carbon, graphite, but it will take
- [Properties of Liquids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/properties-of-liquids/) - Please review Intermolecular Forces for this study guide. Viscosity Many of the properties of liquids can be explained by interparticle or intermolecular forces. With viscosity it is intuitive that maple syrup is more viscous than water. Viscosity is the measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. Maple syrup does not flow as easily as water
- [Rate Laws and Reaction Order](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/rate-laws-and-reaction-order/) - For the general reaction: aA + bB → cC + dD we can write the rate law, in terms of reactants, as Rate = k[A]m[B]n The rate law includes the concentrations of reactants, molarity, and the rate constant, k. The rate constant can have different units depending on the order of the reaction. A reaction
- [Solutions to Rate Laws and Reaction Order Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/solutions-to-rate-laws-and-reaction-order-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. The rate law for the general reaction aA + bB → cC + dD is Rate = k[A]m[B]n. What are the units for k, if the order with respect to [A] is 2 and the order with respect to [B] is 1? The time is measured in hours. The rate law is,
- [Solutions to Rates of Reaction Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/rate-of-reaction/solutions-to-rates-of-reaction-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the plot below. What is the average rate for the disappearance of CO2 over the first 40 minutes of the reaction? What is the average rate between 60 and 80 minutes? At t = 0, the concentration is 0.65 M. At t = 40, the concentration is 0.41 M. \(\displaystyle -\frac{0.41\;M\;-\;0.65\;M}{40\;min\;-\;0\;min}\;=\;\mathbf{6.0\times
- [Exercise 2: Temperature Measurements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/temperature-measurements/exercise-2-temperature-measurements/) - 2. A student measures the temperature of a solution using a Fahrenheit thermometer. She records a temperature of 116oF. What is this temperature on the Kelvin scale? ANSWER: Solution to Exercise 2: Temperature Measurements We are asked to convert from 116.8oF to Kelvin. First, we convert from oF to oC using the following relationship: \(\displaystyle
- [Scientific Notation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/scientific-notation/) - Learn how scientific notation simplifies calculations in chemistry. Convert small and large numbers with ease using this straightforward method. Master this skill today.
- [Reaction Rates Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/reaction-rates/reaction-rates-answer-key/) - ReactionRatesAnswerKey Back to Reaction Rates Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Rate of Reaction Study Guide
- [Reaction Rates](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/reaction-rates/) - ReactionRates Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Rate of Reaction Study Guide
- [Phase Diagrams](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/phase-diagrams/) - A phase diagram allows us to see the pressures and temperatures a particular phase of a substance is stable. In a phase diagram, pressure is plotted against temperature. The phase diagram below is for methane, CH4. Note, the axes are not drawn to scale. In this diagram, the pressure is in atm and the temperature
- [The Clausius Clapeyron Equation Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation-answer-key/) - The ClausiusClapeyronEquationAnswerKey Back to Clausius Clapeyron Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Study Guide
- [The Clausius Clapeyron Equation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation/) - The ClausiusClapeyronEquation Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Study Guide
- [Heating and Cooling Curves Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/heating-and-cooling-curves-part-2/heating-and-cooling-curves-part-2-answer-key/) - HeatingandCoolingCurvesPart 2AnswerKey Back to Heating and Cooling Curves Part 2 Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Heating and Cooling Curves Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/heating-and-cooling-curves-part-2/) - HeatingandCoolingCurvesPart 2 Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Heating and Cooling Curves Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/heating-and-cooling-curves/heating-and-cooling-curves-answer-key/) - HeatingandCoolingCurvesAnswerKey Back to Heating and Cooling Curves Worksheet
- [Heating and Cooling Curves](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/heating-and-cooling-curves/) - HeatingandCoolingCurves Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Phase Changes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/phase-changes/) - A phase change is when matter changes in form, but retains its chemical identity. For example, ice (solid water) will melt to form liquid water, and if heat is added liquid water will boil to form water vapor. The particles of a solid are held in an ordered arrangement. The particles are not able to
- [Phase Changes Solutions to Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/phase-changes/phase-changes-solutions-to-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Methanol, CH3OH, has a boiling point of 64.7 °C and a standard enthalpy of vaporization of 37.4 kJ/mol. What is the standard entropy of vaporization in J/(mol⋅K)? In this example, the system is at equilibrium, therefore \(\displaystyle ΔS=\frac{ΔH}{T}\) 64.7°C = 337.85 K \(\displaystyle ΔS=\frac{37.4\;kJ/mol}{337.85\;K}=0.111\;kJ/(mol⋅K)=\mathbf{111\;J/(mol⋅K)}\) Back to Phase Changes Study Guide Exercise 2.
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- [Phase Changes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/phase-changes/) - PhaseChanges Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/evaporation-vapor-pressure-and-boiling-point/evaporation-vapor-pressure-and-boiling-point-answer-key/) - EvaporationVaporPressureBoilingPointAnswerKey Back to Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point Study Guide
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- [Some Properties of Liquids Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/some-properties-of-liquids/some-properties-of-liquids-answer-key/) - SomePropertiesofLiquidsAnswerKey Back to Properties of Liquids Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Properties of Liquids Study Guide
- [Some Properties of Liquids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/some-properties-of-liquids/) - SomePropertiesofLiquids Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Properties of Liquids Study Guide
- [Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis/) - Learn how to use dimensional analysis and conversion factors in solving chemical problems. Proper unit cancellation is key. Start with simple single step conversions and work your way up to more complex multistep conversions.
- [Conversions Dimensional Analysis Exercise 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis/conversions-dimensional-analysis-exercise-1/) - 1. How many mg are in 24.5 ounces? ANSWER: 6.95 x 105 mg Solution Worked Out There are many different ways to do this problem which will depend on the equivalences that you use. First, we define the given and the desired units. Given: 24.5 oz. and Desired: mg I can go from grams to
- [Exercise 2 Answer Measurements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/measurement-metric-system-si-units/exercise-2-answer-measurements/) - 2. How many ng are in 43.6 mg? Answer: 43600000 ng or 4.36 x 107 ng Solution There are 106 ng in 1 mg. If at first we missed that fact, we can set up equivalences. What do we know about ng and mg? Well, we know that there are 109ng in 1 g and
- [Build a Molecule](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/17821-2/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Study Guides for General Chemistry 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/) - Improve your chemistry knowledge with our comprehensive study guides. Access material, practice problems, quizzes, worksheets, and videos on topics ranging from matter and measurement to covalent bonding and gases.
- [Phase Diagrams Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/phase-diagrams/phase-diagrams-answer-key/) - PhaseDiagramsAnswerKey Back to Phase Diagrams Worksheet
- [Phase Diagrams](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/phase-diagrams/) - PhaseDiagrams Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Solutions to Exceptions to Octet Rule Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/solutions-to-exceptions-lewis-structure-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Draw a Lewis structure for ClO2 Exercise 2. Draw a Lewis structure for I3- Exercise 3. Draw a Lewis structure for XeF4 Exercise 4. Draw a Lewis structure for ClO2- Exercise 5. Draw a Lewis structure for BH3 Exercise 6. Draw a Lewis structure for SeCl2 Exercise 7. Draw a
- [Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/real-gases-deviations-from-ideality/real-gases-deviations-from-ideality-answer-key/) - RealGasesDeviationsFromIdealityAnswerKey Back to Real Gases: Deviations From Ideality Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Deviations from Ideality Study Guide
- [Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/real-gases-deviations-from-ideality/) - RealGasesDeviationsFromIdeality Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Deviations from Ideality Study Guide
- [Solutions to Deviations from Ideality](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/solutions-to-deviations-from-ideality/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate the pressure of 1.000 mole of water vapor at 118.00°C if it occupies a volume of 28.65 L. Use both the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation to compare your answers. (a = \(5.46\frac{L^2⋅atm}{mol^2}\), and b = 0.0305 L/mol) The van der Waals equation is: \(\displaystyle \biggl(P\;+\frac{an^2}{V^2}\biggr)(V\;-\;nb)\;=\;nRT\)
- [Deviations from Ideality](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/deviations-from-ideality/) - As stated in a previous study guide, there is no such thing as an ideal gas. Gases deviate from ideality, in other words they deviate from the gas laws, under conditions of high pressure and low temperatures. Many gases follow ideal behavior at moderate pressures and higher temperatures. Real gases have a real volume. The
- [Effusion of Gases Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/effusion-of-gases/effusion-of-gases-answer-key/) - EffusionofGasesAnswerKey Back to Effusion of Gases Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Effusion and Diffusion Study Guide
- [Effusion of Gases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/effusion-of-gases/) - EffusionofGases Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Effusion and Diffusion Study Guide
- [Effusion and Diffusion](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/effusion-and-diffusion/) - A British physicist, James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879) showed the distribution of molecular speeds as shown in the figure below. The speed distribution is dependent on temperature. Most of the gas particles are close to the average speed which corresponds to the maximum of the curve. Note, as the temperature is increased, the curve
- [Kinetic Molecular Theory](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/kinetic-molecular-theory/) - The behavior and properties of gases can be explained by the kinetic-molecular theory which is based on several postulates (assumptions): 1. A gas consists of particles, molecules and/or atoms, moving quickly and randomly. 2. The space between the gas particles is very large compared to the size of the particles. 3. Collisions of gas particles,
- [Gases and Stoichiometry Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gases-and-stoichiometry-part-2/gases-and-stoichiometry-part-2-answer-key/) - GasesandStoichiometryPart2AnswerKey Back to Gases and Stoichiometry Part 2 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Gases and Stoichiometry Study Guide
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- [Gases and Stoichiometry Part 1 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gases-and-stoichiometry-part-1/gases-and-stoichiometry-part-1-answer-key/) - GasesandStoichiometryPart1AnswerKey Back to Gases and Stoichiometry Part 1 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Gases and Stoichiometry Study Guide
- [Gases and Stoichiometry: Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gases-and-stoichiometry-part-1/) - GasesandStoichiometryPart1 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Gases and Stoichiometry Study Guide
- [Solutions to Gas Stoichiometry Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/solutions-to-gas-stoichiometry-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the following equation: 2 LiOH (s) + CO2 (g) → Li2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) Calculate the volume of CO2 at 23.0°C and 783 mmHg that can be absorbed by 355 g of LiOH. First determine the number of moles of COsub>2. \(\displaystyle 355\;g\;LiOH\frac{mol\;LiOH}{23.95\;g\;LiOH}\times\frac{1\;mol\;CO_2}{2\;mol\;LiOH}\;=\;7.41\;mol\;CO_2\) Next, use the ideal gas law
- [Gases and Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/gases-and-stoichiometry/) - Gas laws are also used in stoichiometry calculations. The problems are similar to previous stoichiometry problems. For example, we can determine the volume of hydrogen gas that is produced from the reaction of 56.7 g of zinc. The reaction was run at 20°C under a pressure of 1.0 atm. First, make sure you have a
- [Gas Mixtures and Collection of a Gas Over Water Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gas-mixtures-and-collection-of-a-gas-over-water/gas-mixtures-and-collection-of-a-gas-over-water-answer-key/) - GasMixturesandCollectionofaGasOverWaterAnswerKey Back to Gas Mixtures and Collection of a Gas Over Water Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure Study Guide
- [Gas Mixtures and Collection of a Gas Over Water](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gas-mixtures-and-collection-of-a-gas-over-water/) - GasMixturesandCollectionofaGasOverWater Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure Study Guide
- [Daltons Law of Partial Pressure](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/daltons-law-of-partial-pressure/) - Gases mix homogeneously in any proportions. Each gas in a mixture will behave as if it were the only gas present. The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial
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- [The Ideal Gas Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-ideal-gas-law/) - TheIdealGasLaw Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to The Ideal Gas Law Study Guide
- [The Ideal Gas Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/the-ideal-gas-law/) - The ideal gas law combines the relationships among the four quantities P, V, T, and n. Knowing the values of three quantities enables you to calculate the fourth. \(\displaystyle \frac{PV}{nT}\;=\;R\) The equation can be rearranged as \(\displaystyle PV\;=\;nRT\) The value of R, the ideal gas constant (or universal gas constant), is dependent on the units
- [Gas Laws: Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gas-laws-part-2/gas-laws-part-2-answer-key/) - Gas LawsPart2AnswerKey Back to Gas Laws: Part 2 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Gas Laws Study Guide
- [Gas Laws: Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gas-laws-part-2/) - Gas LawsPart2 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Gas Laws Study Guide
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- [Gas Laws: Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gas-laws-part-1/) - GasLawsPart1 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Gas Laws Study Guide
- [The Gas Laws](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/the-gas-laws/) - The four variables used when discussing the physical behavior of any gas regardless of its identity are: pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and amount in moles (n). In this lesson, we will use the gas laws to predict the influence of these four variables for any gas. Pressure and Volume: Boyle's Law To relate
- [Gases and Gas Pressure Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gases-and-gas-pressure/gases-and-gas-pressure-answer-key/) - GasesandGasPressureAnswerKey Back to Gases and Gas Pressure Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Introduction to Gases Study Guide
- [Gases and Gas Pressure](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/gases-and-gas-pressure/) - GasesandGasPressure Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Introduction to Gases Study Guide
- [Intro to Gases Solutions to Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/intro-to-gases-solutions-to-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. How many kPa is 1.22 atm? Exercise 2. The pressure for a tire is 32.0 psi. What is this pressure in atm and in mm Hg? Exercise 3. Vacuum pump oil has a density of 0.88 g/mL. Mercury has a density of 13.6 g/mL. What is the height of a barometer column
- [Introduction to Gases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/introduction-to-gases/) - In this study guide we will discuss gases and gas pressure. Air is a solution of gases -- mainly nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. It is a homogeneous solution of gas particles. Without air to breath, life would not exist here on earth. Dry air at sea level has the following composition of gases: N2 78.08%
- [Gases: Properties and Behavior](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/) - Get a deeper understanding of gas behavior and properties with our study guide. Learn about the Gas Laws, Ideal Gas Law, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure, Gases and Stoichiometry, Kinetic Molecular Theory, Effusion, and Diffusion. Click now!
- [Solutions to MO Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/solutions-to-mo-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What is the bond order for C2+? First draw the MO diagram. There are a total of 11 electrons (subtract one electron for the positive charge). Bond order = 1/2(bonding - antibonding) = 1/2 (7 - 4) = 1.5 Back to Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory Exercise 2. What is the bond
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- [Molecular Orbital Theory](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/molecular-orbital-theory/) - MolecularOrbitalTheory Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory Study Guide
- [Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/introduction-to-molecular-orbital-theory/) - The valence bond model is not able to explain all features of bonding. In Valence Bond theory, on the the valence orbitals involved in bonding are modified. An alternative scheme to valence bond theory uses molecular orbitals. A molecular oribital, MO, is a mathematical description of the region in a molecule where there is a
- [Multiple Bonds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/multiple-bonds/) - Recall that sigma bonds are single bonds with the electron density being concentrated along the internuclear axis. With multiple bonds, we need to consider pi bonds. A pi (π) bond is the result of two p orbitals overlapping sideways as shown below. A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond. A double bond is
- [Hybridization of Orbitals](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/hybridization-of-orbitals/) - sp3 Hybridization We might expect the number of bonds formed by an atom to be equal to the number of unpaired electrons in its valence shell. Below is the valence shell configuration for carbon. There are two unpaired electrons, which would indicate carbon only forms 2 bonds as in CH2. We know that carbon will
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- [Valence Bond Theory](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/valence-bond-theory/) - According to valence bond theory covalent bonds are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. The two overlapping lobes must be in the same phase. Each bonded atom maintains its own atomic orbitals, but the electron pair in the overlapping orbitals is shared by both atoms. The greater the orbital overlap, the stronger the bond.
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- [Intermolecular Forces Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/intermolecular-forces-part-1/) - IntermolecularForcesPart1 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Intermolecular Forces Study Guide
- [Intermolecular Forces](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/intermolecular-forces/) - Intramolecular or bonding forces are found within a molecule. The chemical behavior of each phase of matter is the same because the same particle is present whether the substance is a liquid, solid, or a gas. For example, H2O molecules are present in the solid, liquid, and gas phase. Intermolecular or nonbonding forces are found
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- [Molecular Polarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/molecular-polarity/) - MolecularPolarity Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Molecular Polarity Study Guide
- [Molecular Polarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/molecular-polarity/) - Bond polarity has already been discussed. Now, we move on to molecular polarity. It is important to be able to determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar. There are two main things to consider here. In order for a molecule to be polar, it must 1. contain at least one polar bond 2. have
- [Electron Pair and Molecular Geometry Part 3 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/electron-pair-and-molecular-geometry-part-3/electron-pair-and-molecular-geometry-part-3-answer-key/) - ElectronPairandMolecularGeometriesPart3AnswerKey Back to Electron Pair and Molecular Geometry Part 3 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Group and Molecular Geometries: VSEPR Study Guide
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- [Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Geometry Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/electron-pair-geometry-and-molecular-geometry/electron-pair-geometry-and-molecular-geometry-answer-key/) - ElectronPairGeometryandMolecularShapeAnswerKey Back to Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Geometry Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Group and Molecular Geometries Study Guide
- [Electron Pair Geometry and Molecular Geometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/electron-pair-geometry-and-molecular-geometry/) - ElectronPairGeometryandMolecularShape Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Group and Molecular Geometries Study Guide
- [Electron Group and Molecular Geometries: VSEPR](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/electron-group-and-molecular-geometries-vsepr/) - Lewis structures were used previously to determine how the atoms are connected in a molecule and show where the lone pairs of electrons are located. Lewis structures do not tell us anything about molecular shape. Molecules and ions are three dimensional and we have only learned how to draw two dimensional shapes. Imagine two equal
- [Bonding Models for Covalent Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/) - Learn about covalent compound bonding models. Understand intermolecular forces, molecular polarity, VSEPR model, valence bond theory & molecular orbital theory. Read more here!
- [Formal Charge](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/formal-charge/) - The formal charge is the number of valence electrons in a neutral atom minus the number of electrons the atom owns in the compound. Formal charges provide a way for one to determine the most reasonable or best Lewis structure as well as the more likely structure if we are not sure how the atoms
- [Exceptions to the Octet Rule](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/lewis-structures/exceptions-to-the-octet-rule/) - When drawing Lewis structures, there are several exceptions to the octet rule. There are radical species, species that form less than three bonds, and expanded valence shells. Radical Species Most compounds have an even number of valence electrons. There are some exceptions, like NO2. The total number of valence electrons is 5 for nitrogen plus
- [Solutions to Resonance Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/lewis-structures/resonance-structures/solutions-to-resonance-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Draw a Lewis stucture for ozone, O3. Draw any resonance structures, use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons, and draw a hybrid structure. Exercise 2. Draw the resonance structures for the nitrate ion, NO3- and draw a hybrid structure. Exercise 3. Draw any possible resonance structures for SO2.
- [Resonance Structures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/lewis-structures/resonance-structures/) - One issue arises when drawing the Lewis structures of some molecules and polyatomic ions. If we draw a Lewis structure for the carbonate ion, CO32-, the number of valence electrons is 24 electrons. We add two electrons because of the -2 charge on the ion. The skeletal structure is below. We see the three oxygens
- [Isomers: Introduction Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/isomers-introduction/isomers-introduction-answer-key/) - IntroductiontoIsomersAnswerKey Back to Isomers: Introduction Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Isomers: Introduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/isomers-introduction/) - IntroductiontoIsomers Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures
- [Lewis Structures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/lewis-structures/) - Besides providing a shorthand notation of an atom’s valence electron count and its configuration, Lewis dot symbols also lay the foundation for connecting the atoms in a molecule. This results in the Lewis structure. A Lewis structure is a structural formula that shows the covalent bonds and electron pairs. Recall that a Lewis dot symbol
- [Lewis Structures Part 3: Formal Charge Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/lewis-structures-part-3-formal-charge/lewis-structures-part-3-formal-charge-answer-key/) - LewisStructuresPart3FormalChargeAnswerKey Back to Lewis Structures Part 3: Formal Charge Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Lewis Structures Part 3: Formal Charge](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/lewis-structures-part-3-formal-charge/) - LewisStructuresPart3FormalCharge Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Lewis Structures Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/lewis-structures-part-2/lewis-structures-part-2-answer-key/) - LewisStructuresPart1AnswerKey Back to Lewis Structures Part 2 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Lewis Structures Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/lewis-structures-part-2/) - LewisStructuresPart1 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Lewis Structures Part 1: The Basics Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/lewis-structures-part-1-the-basics/lewis-structures-part-1-the-basics-answer-key/) - CHM161LewisStructuresPart1TheBasicsAnswerKey Back to Lewis Structures Part 1: The Basics Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Lewis Structures Part 1: The Basics](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/lewis-structures-part-1-the-basics/) - CHM161LewisStructuresPart1TheBasics Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Lewis Structures Study Guide
- [Electronegativity and Polarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/electronegativity-and-polarity/) - Electronegativity, EN, is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared electrons in a covalent bond. Electronegativity values for the elements are in the figure below. Note, electronegativity increases going across a period, and it decreases going down a group. There are some exceptions, but generally you only need to remember
- [Bond Length, Bond Strength, and Electronegativity Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/bond-length-bond-strength-and-electronegativity/bond-length-bond-strength-and-electronegativity-answer-key/) - BondLengthBondStrengthElectronegativityAnswerKey Back to Bond Length, Bond Strength, and Electronegativity Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Bond Length and Bond Strength Study Guide Back to Electronegativity and Polarity Study Guide
- [Bond Length, Bond Strength, and Electronegativity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/bond-length-bond-strength-and-electronegativity/) - BondLengthBondStrengthElectronegativity Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Bond Length and Bond Strength Study Guide Back to Electronegativity and Polarity Study Guide
- [Solutions to Bond Strength Length Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/solutions-to-bond-strength-length-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Using only the periodic table, order the following from shortest to longest bond length. C-Cl, C-P, and C-S. C-Cl < C-S < C-P Exercise 2. Using only the periodic table, order the following from lowest to highest bond strength. C-Cl, C-P, C-S. C-P < C-S < C-Cl Exercise 3. Which
- [Bond Length and Bond Strength](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/covalent-bonds/bond-length-and-bond-strength/) - Below is a table of average bond lengths. The hydrogen-halide bond lengths increase as we go down a group on the periodic table. For example, H-Cl has a bond length of 127 pm and H-Br has a bond length of 142 pm. This is because as we go down the group, the atomic radius increases.
- [Solutions to Covalent Bonds Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/electron-dot-symbols/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Write electron dot symbols for barium, antimony, phosphorous, and bromine. Exercise 2. Write electron dot symbols for Rb and Se. Exercise 3. Use the figure below to determine the bond length, in pm, for I2. The bond length is 267 pm. Exercise 4. Use the figure to determine the energy
- [Covalent Bonds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/covalent-bonds/) - Before talking about how atoms bond together, it is important to understand why atoms bond together, and in more general terms why chemistry happens. Why does a chlorine atom (Cl) become a chloride ion (Cl-)? Why do two hydrogen atoms (H) come together to form a diatomic molecule of hydrogen (H2)? Why do copper atoms
- [Covalent Bonds and Lewis Dot Structures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/) - Master covalent bonds effortlessly with our Lewis structures study guide. Understand formal charge and ace your chemistry exams. Click now for more!
- [Lattice Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/lattice-energy/) - Lattice energy, Elattice is the energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions. The lattice energy for NaCl is: NaCl (s) → Na+ (g) + Cl- (g) ΔHlattice = +787 kJ/mol. The process absorbs energy, and is highly endothermic. The equation for the lattice energy is the
- [Ionic Compounds, Born-Haber Cycle, and Lattice Energy Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/ionic-compounds-born-haber-cycle-and-lattice-energy/ionic-compounds-born-haber-cycle-and-lattice-energy-answer-key/) - IonicCompoundsBornHaberCycleLatticeEnergyAnswerKey Back to Ionic Compounds, Born-Haber Cycle, and Lattice Energy Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Formation of Ionic Compounds: The Born Haber Cycle Study Guide Back to Lattice Energy Study Guide
- [Ionic Compounds, Born-Haber Cycle, and Lattice Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/ionic-compounds-born-haber-cycle-and-lattice-energy/) - IonicCompoundsBornHaberCycleLatticeEnergy Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Formation of Ionic Compounds: The Born Haber Cycle Study Guide Back to Lattice Energy Study Guide
- [Formation of Ionic Compounds: The Born Haber Cycle](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/formation-of-ionic-compounds-the-born-haber-cycle/) - Ionic compounds are salts, and we all recognize table salt which is NaCl. An ionic bond is a bond where one or more electrons is transferred from one atom to another. This creates an strong electrostatic attraction between a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion. Sodium chloride is composed of Na ions and
- [Electron Affinity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/electron-affinity/) - The electron affinity, Eea, is the change in energy when an electron is added to an isolated atom in the gaseous phase. We have seen that ionization energies are always positive, but electron affinities are generally negative for many atoms, because energy is released when an electron is added. The more negative the electron affinity,
- [Periodic Trends](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/periodic-trends/) - CHM261PeriodicTrends Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Configurations for Ions Study Guide Back to Atomic and Ionic Radii Study Guide Back to Ionization Energy Study Guide Back to Electron Affinity Study Guide Back to Lattice Energy Study Guide
- [Ionization Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/ionization-energy/) - The ionization energy, Ei, is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase. Ionization energy tends to increase as we go across a period in the periodic table and decreases as we go down a group. The ionization energies are highest for the noble gases and lowest for the
- [Periodic Trends Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/periodic-trends/periodic-trends-answer-key/) - CHM261PeriodicTrendsAnswerKey Back to Periodic Trends Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Configurations for Ions Study Guide Back to Atomic and Ionic Radii Study Guide Back to Ionization Energy Study Guide Back to Electron Affinity Study Guide Back to Lattice Energy Study Guide
- [Solutions to Radii Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/solutions-to-radii-exercises/) - Exercise Solutions/Answers Exercise 1. Use the periodic table to order the following sets of elements in increasing atomic radius: a) Sn, Rb, Pd, Te, I I < Te < Sn < Pd < Rb b) Te, O, S, Se, Lv O < S < Se < Te < Lv c) Sr, Na, Cr, P, F
- [Atomic and Ionic Radii](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/atomic-and-ionic-radii/) - We have already learned how to use the periodic table to write electron configurations and orbital box diagrams. Here we discuss atomic and ionic radii and the periodic trends. Ideally, atomic radius would be measured from the nucleus of the atom to the electron(s) in the outermost shell. However, we know we can not know
- [Periodic Trends and Ionic Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/) - Master atomic & ionic radii, periodic trends, and Born Haber cycle with our comprehensive study guide. Click now to ace your chemistry exams!
- [Orbital Box Diagrams and Electron Configuration Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/orbital-box-diagrams-and-electron-configuration-part-2/orbital-box-diagrams-and-electron-configuration-part-2-answer-key/) - CHM261ElectronConfigurationsandOrbitalBoxDiagramsAnswerKey Back to Electron Configurations and Orbital Box Diagrams Worksheet
- [Orbital Box Diagrams and Electron Configuration Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/orbital-box-diagrams-and-electron-configuration-part-2/) - CHM261ElectronConfigurationsandOrbitalBoxDiagrams Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Configurations and Orbital Box Diagrams Study Guide
- [Electron Configuration and Orbital Box Diagrams Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/orbital-box-diagrams-and-electron-configuration-part-2/electron-configuration-and-orbital-box-diagrams-answer-key/) - OrbitalBoxDiagramsElectronConfigurationAnswerKey Back to Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagrams Part 1 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Configuration and Orbital Box Diagrams Study Guide
- [Electron Configurations and Orbital Box Diagrams Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/electron-configurations-and-orbital-box-diagrams-part-1/) - OrbitalBoxDiagramsElectronConfiguration Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Electron Configurations and Orbital Box Diagrams Study Guide
- [Electron Configurations and Orbital Box Diagrams](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-and-orbital-box-diagrams/) - To write electron configurations and draw orbital box diagrams, there are three rules that must be applied. 1. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons are always placed in the lowest energy sublevel that is available. 2. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that each orbital may contain a maximum of 2 electrons; electrons must have opposite
- [Orbital Energies](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/orbital-energies/) - The energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom is only dependent on the principle quantum number, n. The subshells and orbitals all have the same energy as n. This is not the case for a multielectron atom as shown in the figure below. A multielectron atom has electron repulsions and the energy of each
- [Assignment of Quantum Numbers to Electrons Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/assignment-of-quantum-numbers-to-electrons/assignment-of-quantum-numbers-to-electrons-answer-key/) - AssignmentofQuantumNumberstoElectronsAnswerKey Back to Assignment of Quantum Numbers to Electrons Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Assignment of Quantum Numbers to Electrons](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/assignment-of-quantum-numbers-to-electrons/) - AssignmentofQuantumNumberstoElectrons Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Quantum Numbers Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/quantum-numbers/quantum-numbers-answer-key/) - CHM261QuantumNumbersAnswerKey Back to Quantum Numbers Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Quantum Numbers](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/quantum-numbers/) - CHM261QuantumNumbers Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Orbitals Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/orbitals/orbitals-answer-key/) - OrbitalsAnswerKey Back to Orbitals Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Orbitals](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/orbitals/) - Orbitals Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Shells, Subshells, and Quantum Numbers Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/shells-subshells-and-quantum-numbers/shells-subshells-and-quantum-numbers-answer-key/) - ShellsSubshellsQuantumNumbersAnswerKey Back to Shells, Subshells, and Quantum Numbers Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Shells, Subshells, and Quantum Numbers](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/shells-subshells-and-quantum-numbers/) - ShellsSubshellsQuantumNumbers Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Quantum Numbers and Orbitals Study Guide
- [Quantum Mechanics: Quantum Numbers and Orbitals](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/quantum-mechanics-quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/) - Erwin Shrödinger (1887 - 1961), an Austrian physicist, introduced an equation called the Shrödinger equation: ΗΨ = EΨ where, Η is the Hamiltonian operator, E is the energy, and Ψ is the wave function. The square of the wave function, Ψ2 gives the probability density which is a measure of the probability of finding an
- [The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/the-heisenberg-uncertainty-principle/) - The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is not possible for us to know both the exact momentum and exact location of an electron in space. Heisenberg related the uncertainty in the position, Δx and the uncertainty in momentum, Δ(mv) as follows: \(\displaystyle \Delta x⋅\Delta(mv)\;\geq\;\frac{h}{4\pi}\;\;\;(Equation\;1)\) It is not possible to know both the position and
- [The De Broglie Hypothesis](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/the-de-broglie-hypothesis/) - Louis de Broglie (1892 - 1987) was a French physicist who extended the ideas of radiant energy to matter. He suggested that matter has wavelike properties. To develop his theory, de Broglie looked at the inverse relationship between the wavelength and energy for photons. \(\displaystyle E\;=\;\frac{hc}{\lambda}\;\;\;and\;\;\;\lambda\;=\;\frac{hc}{E}\) We can substitute Einstein's equation, E = mc2 for
- [Bohr's Model: Matter Waves Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/bohrs-model-matter-waves/bohrs-model-matter-waves-answer-key/) - CHM261BohrsModelMatterWavesAnswerKey Back to Bohr's Model: Matter Waves Worksheet Back to Worksheets Bohr's Model: Line Spectra Study Guide
- [Bohr's Model: Matter Waves](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/bohrs-model-matter-waves/) - CHM261BohrsModelMatterWaves Answer Key Back to Worksheets Bohr's Model: Line Spectra Study Guide
- [Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/wavelength-frequency-and-energy/wavelength-frequency-and-energy-answer-key/) - WavelengthFrequencyEnergyAnswerKey Back to Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Particle Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation Study Guide
- [Wavelength, Frequency and Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/wavelength-frequency-and-energy/) - WavelengthFrequencyEnergy Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Particle Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation Study Guide
- [Particle Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/particle-properties-of-electromagnetic-radiation/) - The wave model of light does not explain several other observed phenomena: 1) the emission of light from hot objects (blackbody radiation), 2) the emission of electrons from the surface of a metal when it is struck with electromagnetic radiation (the photoelectric effect), and 3) the emission of light from excited gas atoms (emission spectra).
- [Waves Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/waves/waves-answer-key/) - WavesAnswerKey Back to Waves Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Electromagnetic Radiation Study Guide
- [Waves](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/waves/) - Waves Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Electromagnetic Radiation Study Guide
- [Electromagnetic Radiation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electromagnetic-radiation/) - Before we can understand electronic structure of atoms, we need to learn about light. The light we can see is called visible light and is a small part of the full electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of light (radiant energy) with matter. In addition to visible light, there are radio waves,
- [Electronic Structure of Atoms](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/) - Unravel the mystery of quantum theory in chemistry with our study guide. Explore the nature of light and electronic structure of atoms. Click now!
- [Introduction to Entropy and Free Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/introduction-to-entropy-and-free-energy/) - Many processes and chemical reactions are exothermic and occur spontaneously. But, there are also processes and reactions that are endothermic and occur spontaneously. For example, an ice cube will spontaneously melt at temperatures just above 0°C, but ice will not spontaneously melt at temperatures below 0°C. Melting of a solid is an endothermic process, and
- [Bond Energies](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/bond-energies/) - There are many substances where ΔH0f values have not been determined making it difficult to calculate exact values of ΔH0rxn. Another way to estimate ΔH0rxn is to use average bond dissociation energies shown in the table below. The bond dissociation energy, D, is the energy required to break a covalent bond of a substance in
- [Heats of Formation, ΔH<sup>o</sup><sub>f</sub> Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/heats-of-formation-hof/heats-of-formation-hof-answer-key/) - HeatsofFormationAnswerKey Back to Heats of Formation Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Standard Enthalpies of Formation Study Guide Back to Bond Energies Study Guide
- [Heats of Formation, ΔH<sup>o</sup><sub>f</sub>](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/heats-of-formation-hof/) - HeatsofFormation Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Standard Enthalpies of Formation Study Guide Back to Bond Energies Study Guide
- [Standard Enthalpies of Formation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/standard-enthalpies-of-formation/) - A pure substance is the most stable form of the substance at 1 atm and the temperature of interest. In most tables the temperature is 25°C (298 K). The standard state of a substance in aqueous solution, is a concentration of 1.00 M and for a gas the pressure is 1 atm. The standard enthalpy
- [Hess's Law Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/hesss-law/hesss-law-answer-key/) - HessLawAnswerKey Back to Hess's Law Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry and Hess's Law Study Guide
- [Hess's Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/hesss-law/) - HessLaw Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry and Hess's Law Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry and  Hess's Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/hesss-law-and-stoichiometry/) - Stoichiometry of Thermochemical Equations Consider the following reaction: 1/8 S8 (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g) ΔH = -296.8 kJ The reaction is exothermic because ΔH is negative. When 1/8 of a mole of S8 is reacted, 296.8 kJ of heat is released. If 1 mole of oxygen is reacted, 296.8 kJ
- [Calorimetry Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/calorimetry/calorimetry-answer-key/) - CalorimetryAnswerKey Back to Calorimetry Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Calorimetry Study Guide
- [Calorimetry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/calorimetry/) - Calorimetry Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Calorimetry Study Guide
- [Calorimetry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/the-scientific-method/calorimetry/) - Calorimetry is a process that allows us to measure the heat flow of a physical or a chemical change using a calorimeter. The two types of calorimetry that will be discussed are constant pressure calorimetry and constant volume calorimetry. We know that \(\displaystyle q\;\propto\;T,\;therefore,\;q\;=\;c\;\times\;T\) \(\displaystyle \frac{q}{T}\;=\;c\) where c is a constant. The heat capacity
- [Enthalpy Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/enthalpy/enthalpy-answer-key/) - EnthalpyAnswerKey Back to Enthalpy Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Enthalpy Study Guide
- [Enthalpy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/enthalpy/) - Enthalpy Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Enthalpy Study Guide
- [Enthalpy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/enthalpy/) - In this study guide we will combine the state functions, E, V, and P to define another state function, enthalpy. Enthalpy, H, is defined as the quantity, H = E + PV From the previous study guides, we know that ΔE = q + w Eq 1 and w = -PΔV
- [First Law of Thermodynamics Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/first-law-of-thermodynamics/first-law-of-thermodynamics-answer-key/) - TheFirstLawofThermodynamicsAnswerKey Back to First Law of Thermodynamics Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Heat, Work, and Energy Conservation Study Guide Back to State Functions and PV Work Study Guide
- [First Law of Thermodynamics](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/first-law-of-thermodynamics/) - TheFirstLawofThermodynamics Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Heat, Work, and Energy Conservation Study Guide Back to State Functions and PV Work Study Guide
- [State Functions and PV Work](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/state-functions-and-pv-work/) - Internal Energy is a state function. A state function is a property that is dependent on the current state of a system and not on the path the system takes to reach that state. The internal energy change, ΔE, only depends on the difference between the final and the initial states and not on how
- [Energy, Heat, and Work Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/energy-heat-and-work/energy-heat-and-work-answer-key/) - EnergyHeatAndWorkAnswrKey Back to Energy, Heat, and Work Worksheet Worksheets Back to the System and Surroundings Study Guide Back to Heat, Work and Energy Conservation Study Guide Back to State Functions and PV Work Study Guide
- [Energy, Heat, and Work](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/energy-heat-and-work/) - EnergyHeatAndWork Answer Key Worksheets Back to the System and Surroundings Study Guide Back to Heat, Work and Energy Conservation Study Guide Back to State Functions and PV Work Study Guide
- [The System and the Surroundings](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/system-and-surroundings/) - System and the Surroundings When energy is transferred from one object to another, it appears as heat and/or work. We need to define our system, the part of the universe we are focusing on, and the surroundings, everything else (once our system is defined). We define the internal energy, E, of a system as the
- [Energy and its Nature](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/energy-and-its-nature/) - In previous Study Guides we worked with and defined matter. Matter is easier to understand because we can touch it and see it. Energy, on the other hand, is a more challenging concept. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work or transfer heat. Heat is the thermal energy transferred from one object to
- [Thermochemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/) - Discover how thermochemistry plays a vital role in understanding energy changes during chemical reactions. Click now to explore our comprehensive study guide.
- [Titrations: Introduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/titrations/) - A titration is an analytical technique where a measured volume of a solution with an unknown concentration is combined with a second solution with known volume and known concentration and is called a standard solution. Just enough of the standard solution is added to completely react with the solute in the solution with the unknown
- [Volumetric Stoichiometry and Titration Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/volumetric-stoichiometry-and-titration/volumetric-stoichiometry-and-titration-answer-key/) - VolumetricStoichiometryAndTitrationAnswerKey Back to Volumetric Stoichiometry and Titration Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Solution Stoichiometry Study Guide Back to Titration: Introduction Study Guide
- [Volumetric Stoichiometry and Titration](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/volumetric-stoichiometry-and-titration/) - VolumetricStoichiometryAndTitration Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Solution Stoichiometry Study Guide Back to Titration: Introduction Study Guide
- [Solution Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/solution-stoichiometry/) - Molarity relates the number of moles of solute and the volume of solution, in liters. \(\displaystyle M\;=\;\frac{moles\;of\;solute}{L\;of\;solution}\) We can calculate a solution volume, in liters, if we know the number of moles of solute and the molar concentration of the solution. \(\displaystyle V\;=\;M\;\times\;V\) If the volume, in liters, and the molarity of a solution is
- [The Activity Series Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-activity-series/the-activity-series-answer-key/) - CHM261The Activity SeriesAnswerKey Back to The Activity Series Worksheet Back To Worksheets Back to The Activity Series Study Guide
- [The Activity Series](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-activity-series/) - CHM261The Activity Series Answer Key Back To Worksheets Back to The Activity Series Study Guide
- [The Activity Series](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/the-activity-series/) - Metals are more easily oxidized than nonmetals. This means metals lose electrons more easily than nonmetals. Metals are strong reducing agents, but their reducing power decreases going across a period of the periodic table. Below is a table of a partial activity series for metals in aqueous solution. The table lists the oxidation reactions. Lithium
- [Oxidation Reduction Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/oxidation-reduction/oxidation-reduction-answer-key/) - OxidationReductionAnswerKey Back to Oxidation Reduction Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Study Guide
- [Oxidation Reduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/oxidation-reduction/) - OxidationReduction Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Study Guide
- [Oxidation-Reduction Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/oxidation-reduction-reactions/) - The third category of reaction to discuss are oxidation-reduction reactions. Many of the reactions around us are redox reactions.
- [Acids and Bases Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/acids-and-bases/acids-and-bases-answer-key/) - CHM261Acids and BasesAnswerKey Back to Acids and Bases Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Neutralization Reactions: Acids and Bases Study Guide
- [Acids and Bases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/acids-and-bases/) - CHM261Acids and Bases Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Neutralization Reactions: Acids and Bases Study Guide
- [Neutralization Reactions: Acids and Bases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/neutralization-reactions-acids-and-bases/) - https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/neutralization-reactions-acids-and-bases/
- [Solubility and Precipitation Reactions Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/solubility-and-precipitation-reactions/solubility-and-precipitation-reactions-answer-key/) - CHM 261Solubility and Precipitation ReactionsAnswerKey Back to Solubility and Precipitation Reactions Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Precipitation Reactions
- [Solubility and Precipitation Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/solubility-and-precipitation-reactions/) - CHM 261Solubility and Precipitation Reactions Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Precipitation Reactions
- [Precipitation Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/precipitation-reactions/) - A precipitation reaction is a reaction where aqueous solutions of soluble ionic compounds (salts), when mixed, produce an insoluble product called a precipitate.
- [Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/electrolytes-and-nonelectrolytes/) - In the Reactions in Aqueous Solutions study guide, we talk about reactions that take place in water. In this section, we will discuss how substances behave when placed in water. We know that table sugar, sucrose (C12H22O11) and NaCl, salt, both dissolve in water. When NaCl dissolves in water, it dissociates into Na+ and Cl-
- [Concentration Units: Molarity Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/concentration-units-molarity/concentration-units-molarity-answer-key/) - CHM261ConcentrationUnitsMolarityAnswerKey Back to Concentration Units: Molarity Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Molarity: A Concentration Unit Study Guide
- [Concentration Units: Molarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/concentration-units-molarity/) - CHM261ConcentrationUnitsMolarity Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Molarity: A Concentration Unit Study Guide
- [Molarity: A Concentration Unit](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/molarity-a-concentration-unit/) - Many chemical reactions are carried out in solution or in the liquid state. Recall, in order for a chemical reaction to occur, bonds must break and new bonds must form. The most common concentration unit used in the chemistry lab is molarity, M. Molarity is defined as the amount of solute dissolved in enough solvent
- [Standard Reduction Potentials](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/appendix-for-study-guides/standard-reduction-potentials/) - Standard Reduction Potentials at 25oC. StandardReductionPotentials Back to Appendix for Study Guides
- [Reactions in Aqueous Solution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/) - Learn about the importance and uniqueness of water in sustaining life and chemical reactions. Discover three types of reactions, precipitation, acid-base, and redox reactions, in our study guide. Start learning now!
- [Percent Mass, Empirical Formula, and Combustion Analysis Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/percent-mass-empirical-formula-and-combustion-analysis/percent-mass-empirical-formula-and-combustion-analysis-answer-key/) - PercentbyMassEmpricalFormulaAndCombustionAnalysisAnswerKey Back to Percent Mass, Empirical Formula, and Combustion Analysis Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Percent Composition, Empirical, and Molecular Formulas Study Guide
- [Percent Mass, Empirical Formula, and Combustion Analysis](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/percent-mass-empirical-formula-and-combustion-analysis/) - PercentbyMassEmpricalFormulaAndCombustionAnalysis Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Percent Composition, Empirical, and Molecular Formulas Study Guide
- [Percent Composition, Empirical, and Molecular Formulas](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/chemical-reactions-and-mass/percent-composition-empirical-molecular-formulas/) - If a compound is made in a lab or found in nature, the chemical formula must be determined experimentally. First, the types of elements in the compound must be
- [Atomic Mass and Molar Mass Conversions and Stoichiometry Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/atomic-mass-and-molar-mass-conversions-and-stoichiometry/atomic-mass-and-molar-mass-conversions-and-stoichiometry-answer-key/) - AtomicMassandMolarMassConversionsandStoichiometryAnswerKey Back to Atomic Mass and Molar Mass Conversions and Stoichiometry Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Atomic Mass and Molar Mass Conversions and Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/atomic-mass-and-molar-mass-conversions-and-stoichiometry/) - AtomicMassandMolarMassConversionsandStoichiometry Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry Part 3 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/stoichiometry-part-3/stoichiometry-part-3-answer-key/) - StoichiometryPart3AnswerKey Back to Stoichiometry Part 3 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry Part 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/stoichiometry-part-3/) - StoichiometryPart3 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/stoichiometry-part-2/stoichiometry-part-2-answer-key/) - CHM261Stoichiometry Part 2AnswerKey Back to Stoichiometry Part 2 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/stoichiometry-part-2/) - CHM261Stoichiometry Part 2 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry Part 1 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/stoichiometry-part-1/stoichiometry-part-1-answer-key/) - CHM261StoichiometryPart1AnswerKey Back to Stoichiometry Part 1 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/stoichiometry-part-1/) - CHM261StoichiometryPart1 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield Study Guide
- [Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent Yield](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/chemical-reactions-and-mass/stoichiometry-limiting-reactants-percent-yield/) - What is stoichiometry? It is the relationship between the amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. The coefficients in the chemical reaction are called stoichiometric coefficients. For the following balanced chemical equation, 1 formula unit of gaseous iodine reacts with 1 formula unit of hydrogen gas to produce 2 formula units of
- [Balancing Chemical Equations Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/balancing-chemical-equations/balancing-chemical-equations-answer-key/) - BalancingChemicalEquationsAnswerKey Back to Balancing Chemical Equations Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Balancing Chemical Equations
- [Balancing Chemical Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/balancing-chemical-equations/) - Balancing Chemical Equations Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Balancing Chemical Equations
- [Conversions Using Moles, Grams, Molecules, and Ions Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/conversions-using-moles-grams-molecules-and-ions/conversions-using-moles-grams-molecules-and-ions-answer-key/) - Conversions Using MolesGramsMoleculesIonsAnswerKey Back to Conversions Using Moles, Grams, Molecules, and Ions Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Conversions: Moles, Grams, Atoms, and Ions Study Guide
- [Conversions Using Moles, Grams, Molecules, and Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/conversions-using-moles-grams-molecules-and-ions/) - Conversions Using MolesGramsMoleculesIons Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Conversions: Moles, Grams, Atoms, and Ions Study Guide
- [Conversions: Moles, Grams, Atoms, and Ions Exercise Solutions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/conversions-moles-grams-atoms-and-ions/conversions-moles-grams-atoms-and-ions-exercise-solutions/) - Exercises Exercise 1. How many carbon dioxide, CO2, molecules are in 0.845 moles? \(\displaystyle 0.845 mol\times\frac{6.02\times 10^{23}\;molecules}{1\;mol}\;=\;5.09\times 10^{23}\;CO_2\;molecules\) Back to Conversions: Moles, Grams, Atoms, and Ions Exercise 2. A sample contains 255.25 g of FeCl2. How many Fe2+ ions are in this sample? \(\displaystyle 255.25\;g\;FeCl_2\times\frac{1\;mol\;FeCl_2}{126.751\;g/mol}\times\frac{1\;mol\;Fe^{2+}}{1\;mol\;FeCl_2}\times\frac{6.02\times 10^{23}\;ions}{1\;mol\;Fe^{2+}}=\) = 1.21 x 1024 ions Back to Conversions: Moles,
- [Conversions: Moles, Grams, Atoms, and Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/conversions-moles-grams-atoms-and-ions/) - Now that we have finished nomenclature, we can learn how to convert between number of atoms and number of ions in a compound. For example, if we have 6.75 grams of MgCl2, how many chlorine ions are in this amount of MgCl2? Convert g to number of chlorine ions. The roadmap is: g MgCl2 →
- [Nomenclature of Acids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/nomenclature-of-acids/) - In this study guide we will learn how to name acids and bases. First we will start with acids. The table below lists some common polyatomic ions. It is assumed you have already memorized the names, formulas, and charges of the polyatomic ions. Oxoacids are acids that contain oxygen atoms. The oxygen is bonded to
- [Ions, Cations, and Anions Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/ions-cations-and-anions/ions-cations-and-anions-answer-key/) - IonsCationsAnionsAnswerKey Back to Ions, Cations, and Anions Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Naming Simple Ionic Compounds Study Guide
- [Ions, Cations, and Anions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/ions-cations-and-anions/) - IonsCationsAnions Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Naming Simple Ionic Compounds Study Guide
- [Naming Simple Ionic Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/naming-simple-ionic-compounds/) - Whenever a chemical formula contains a metal and a nonmetal, the result is an ionic compound, and just as the name indicates, this chemical species is composed of ions.
- [Naming Binary Covalent Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/naming-binary-covalent-compounds/) - First we will learn how to name binary covalent compounds. In naming binary covalent compounds, compounds that are
- [Nomenclature](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/nomenclature/) - Nomenclature Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Nomenclature Study Guide Back to Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Study Guide Back to Naming Simple Ionic Compounds Study Guide Back to Ionic Compounds With Polyatomic Ions Study Guide Back to Nomenclature of Acids Study Guide
- [Chemical Reactions and Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/chemical-reactions-and-mass/) - Master chemical reactions and mass quantities with our General Chemistry 1 study guides. Choose your topic and excel in chemistry.
- [Nomenclature Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/nomenclature/nomenclature-answer-key/) - NomenclatureAnswerKey Back to Nomenclature Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Nomenclature Study Guide Back to Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Study Guide Back to Naming Simple Ionic Compounds Study Guide Back to Ionic Compounds With Polyatomic Ions Study Guide Back to Nomenclature of Acids Study Guide
- [Nomenclature](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/) - here are two main divisions of compounds. The first division are , which are usually composed of only nonmetal species.
- [Atomic Mass, Number of Atoms, and the Mole Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/atomic-mass-number-of-atoms-and-the-mole/atomic-mass-number-of-atoms-and-the-mole/) - Atomic MassMolarMassAndNumberofAtomsAnswerKey Back to Worksheets Go to Moles, Entities, and Mass
- [Atomic Mass, Number of Atoms, and the Mole](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/atomic-mass-number-of-atoms-and-the-mole/) - AtomicMassMolarMassAndNumberofAtoms Answer Key Back to Worksheets Go to Moles, Entities, and Mass
- [The Mole Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-mole/the-mole-answer-key/) - CHM161The MoleAnswerKey Back to The Mole Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Moles, Entities, and Mass Study Guide
- [Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, and Formula Mass Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/molecular-mass-molar-mass-and-formula-mass/molecular-mass-molar-mass-and-formula-mass-answer-key/) - CHM261MolecularMassMolarMassAndFormulaMassAnswerKey Back to Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, and Formula Mass Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Moles, Entities, and Mass Study Guide
- [Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, and Formula Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/molecular-mass-molar-mass-and-formula-mass/) - CHM261MolecularMassMolarMassAndFormulaMass Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Moles, Entities, and Mass Study Guide
- [The Mole](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-mole/) - CHM161The Mole Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Moles, Entities, and Mass Study Guide
- [Moles, Entities, and Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/moles-entities-and-mass/) - Chemical formulas tell us the number of each type of atom in a compound. The two main types of compounds are covalent and ionic compounds. Recall, covalent compounds are composed of atoms that are covalently bonded through the sharing of electrons. Examples of covalent compounds are CO2, HCl, and CH4. In ionic compounds, electrons are
- [Atomic Structure and Atomic Mass Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/atomic-structure-and-atomic-mass/atomic-structure-and-atomic-mass-answer-key/) - AtomicStructureandAtomicMassAnswerKey Back to Worksheets Back to Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, Isotopes. and Atomic Mass Back to Atomic Structure Worksheet
- [Atomic Structure and Atomic Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/atomic-structure-and-atomic-mass/) - AtomicStructureandAtomicMass Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Atomic Structure, Atomic Number, Isotopes. and Atomic Mass
- [Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Atomic Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/atomic-structure/atomic-number-isotopes-and-atomic-mass/) - The elements on the periodic table are ordered by atomic number. The atomic number indicates the identity of an atom. The atomic number is represented with a capital Z. The atomic number, Z, is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom. This also means the number of electrons in a neutral atom
- [The Atom Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-atom/the-atom-answer-key/) - CHM161TheAtomAnswerKey Back to Worksheets
- [The Atom](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-atom/) - CHM161TheAtom Answer Key Back to Atomic Structure Back to Worksheets
- [Atoms, Ions, and Molecules](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/) - Discover the basics of chemistry and learn how matter, elements, and compounds are defined. Read our study guide for a comprehensive understanding.
- [Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/laws-of-definite-and-multiple-proportions/) - We know that Antione Lavoisier investigated combustion reactions which led to the Law of Mass Conservation. Joseph Proust (1754 - 1826), a French chemist, was able to formulate another fundamental law called the Law of Definite Proportions (also referred to as the Law of Definite Composition).
- [Laws of Mass Conservation and Multiple Proportions Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/laws-of-mass-conservation-and-multiple-proportions/laws-of-mass-conservation-and-multiple-proportions-answer-key/) - Laws of Mass ConservationMultipleProportionsAnswerKey Back to Laws of Mass Conservation and Multiple Proportions Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Law of the Conservation of Mass Study Guide Back to Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions Study Guide.
- [Laws of Mass Conservation and Multiple Proportions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/laws-of-mass-conservation-and-multiple-proportions/) - Laws of Mass ConservationMultipleProportions Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Law of the Conservation of Mass Study Guide Back to Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions Study Guide
- [The Periodic Table Part 1 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-periodic-table-part-1/the-periodic-table-part-1-answer-key/) - The PeriodicTablePart1AnswerKey Back to Worksheets Go to The Periodic Table and its Design Go to Common Groups of Elements
- [Energy: A Derived Unit](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/energy-a-derived-unit/) - Learn about kinetic and potential energy, their units, and formulas to calculate them. Discover the joule (J), kilojoules (kJ), and calorie (cal) as energy units, and how they relate to nutrition and chemistry.
- [The Periodic Table Part 2 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-periodic-table-part-2/the-periodic-table-part-2-answer-key/) - ThePeriodicTablePart2AnserKey Back to Periodic Table Part 2 Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to The Periodic Table and its Design Study Guide
- [The Periodic Table Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-periodic-table-part-2/) - ThePeriodicTablePart2 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to The Periodic Table and its Design Study Guide
- [Elements, Compound, and Mixtures Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/elements-compounds-and-mixtures/elements-compound-and-mixtures-answer-key/) - CHM161ElementsCompoundsMixturesAnswerKey Back to Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Introduction to Elements and the Periodic Table Back to Compounds Back to Mixtures
- [Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/elements-compounds-and-mixtures/) - CHM161ElementsCompoundsMixtures Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Introduction to Elements and the Periodic Table Back to Compounds Back to Mixtures
- [Density and Energy Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/density-and-energy/density-and-energy-answer-key/) - DensityandEnergyAnswerKey Back to Density and Energy Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Density: A Derived Unit Study Guide Back to Energy: A Derived Unit Study Guide
- [Density and Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/density-and-energy/) - DensityandEnergy Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Density: A Derived Unit Study Guide Back to Energy: A Derived Unit Study Guide
- [Density: A Derived Unit Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/density-a-derived-unit/density-a-derived-unit-answer-key/) - CHM161DensityAnswerKey Back to Worksheets Back to Density: A Derived Unit Worksheet Back to Density: A Derived Unit Study Guide
- [Density: A Derived Unit](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/density-a-derived-unit/) - CHM161Density Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Density: A Derived Unit Study Guide
- [Density: A Derived Unit](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/density-derived-unit/) - Learn how density interconverts between mass and volume, and how it's useful for determining unknown substances. Discover how temperature affects density and solve density problems with examples.
- [Temperature Measurements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/temperature-measurements/) - Discover the easiest way to convert temperatures with our handy formulas. Learn how to convert between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin in just a few steps.
- [Conversion Factors and Roadmaps Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/conversion-factors-and-roadmaps/conversion-factors-and-roadmaps-answer-key/) - ConversionFactorsandRoadMapsAnswerKey Back to Conversion Factors and Roadmaps Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis Study Guide
- [Conversion Factors and Roadmaps](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/conversion-factors-and-roadmaps/) - ConversionFactorsandRoadMaps Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis Study Guide
- [Significant Figures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/significant-figures/) - CHM161SignificantFigures Answer Key Back to Significant Figures Study Guide Back to Worksheets
- [Significant Figures Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/significant-figures/significant-figures-answer-key/) - CHM161SignificantFiguresAnswerKey Back to Significant Figures Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Significant Figures Study Guide
- [Scientific Notation Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/scientific-notation/scientific-notation-answer-key/) - CHM261ScientificNotationAnswerKey Back to Scientific Notation Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Scientific Notation Study Guide
- [Scientific Notation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/scientific-notation/) - CHM261ScientificNotation Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Scientific Notation Study Guide
- [Mass, Length, and Volume](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/mass-length-and-volume/) - Discover the common relationships between units and their equivalences with our study guide. Find out more about these units and boost your knowledge today.
- [Measurement, Metric System, and SI Units](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/measurement-metric-system-si-units/) - Learn how to convert between different units of measurement in chemistry using the metric system. Discover the common metric prefixes and their meanings, and test your knowledge with our quiz!
- [Exercise 3 Answer Measurement](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/measurement-metric-system-si-units/exercise-3-answer-measurement/) - Exercise 3. A piece of tubing is 0.566 cm long. How many μm does this correspond to? How many km? Answer: 5.66 x 103 μm and 5.66 x 10-6 km Solution When converting from cm to μm. Two equivalences are: \(100 \;cm \;= \;1 \;m \quad and \quad 10^{-6}\; m\; =\; 1 \;μm\) We
- [The Periodic Table Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-periodic-table-part-1/) - The PeriodicTablePart1 Answer Key Back to Worksheets Go to The Periodic Table and its Design Go to Common Groups of Elements
- [The Periodic Table and its Design](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/the-periodic-table-and-its-design/) - \(\)Keep in mind that when referring to elements, the atoms occur in their most stable forms; that is for example, as monatomic, diatomic, or tetratomic species. For now, just to keep things simple, we will refer to the elements as being only monatomic or diatomic species. This simplifies matters greatly since only seven elements occur
- [The Scientific Method Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-scientific-method/the-scientific-method-answer-key/) - CHM261ScientificMethodWorksheetAnswerKey Back to The Scientific Method Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to The Scientific Method Study Guide
- [The Scientific Method](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/the-scientific-method/) - CHM261ScientificMethodWorksheet Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to The Scientific Method Study Guide
- [Matter](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/matter/) - Discover the fundamentals of Chemistry and Matter in this engaging study guide and video. Learn about the properties of matter and the distinction between physical and chemical changes. Click now!
- [Introduction to Elements and the Periodic Table](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/introduction-to-the-elements-and-the-periodic-table/) - Matter can be classified into two separate groups. The first group are pure substances which consist of elements and compounds. An element is a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. Elements are composed of atoms. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains all of the
- [Matter and Measurement in Chemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/) - Master the Metric System and More: Expert Study Guides on Measurement, Precision, Conversions, and More. Click to Begin Your Learning Journey Now!
- [Precision and Accuracy Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/precision-and-accuracy/precision-and-accuracy-exercises/) - 1.What is the uncertainty in a measurement obtained from an electronic balance which displays a mass of 25.24 g? ANSWER: 0.01 g 2. A Student determined the following density data for an unknown metal: 4.62 g/mL, 4.63 g/mL, 4.62 g/mL, 4.61 g/mL. Comment on the precision and the accuracy of the measurements if the true
- [Precision and Accuracy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/precision-and-accuracy/) - Learn how to evaluate the accuracy and precision of measurement results with examples. Check answers to exercises on determining density and uncertainty in measurements.
- [Appendix for Study Guides](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/appendix-for-study-guides/) - Click on a link below. Periodic Table Table of Bond Energies Thermodynamic Quantities at 25 ℃ Vapor Pressure of Water at Different Temperatures Van der Waals Constants, a and b, for Some Common Gases Acid Dissociation Constants Product Solubility Constants, Ksp Standard Reduction Potentials at 25oC.
- [REEL Students Research Presentations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/reel-students-research-presentations/) - Please click on a link below to view the chemistry undergraduate students' research presentations Student REEL Presentations Fall 2022 Student REEL Presentations Spring 2022 Student REEL Presentations Fall 2021 Student REEL Presentations Spring 2021 Student REEL Presentations Spring 2019 Student REEL Presentations Spring 2015 Student REEL Presentations Fall 2014 Student REEL Presentations Fall 2013 Back
- [REEL Chemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/) - Click Here to See a Video of Students at Work in the REEL Lab Click here for Student REEL Presentations Each semester, more and more students are participating in lab courses that go by the name Research Experiences to Enhance Learning (REEL) General Chemistry lab and REEL Organic Chemistry lab. In contrast to traditional chemistry
- [REEL Chemisry Student Presentations Spring 2014](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/reel-chemisry-student-presentations-spring-2014/) - The chemistry undergraduate REEL student presentations were held on May 12, 2014. The day started off with a luncheon served in the student lounge. This was a great way for the students to socialize and relax before a long afternoon of presentations. The students enthusiastically presented the research they conducted during the semester. The presentations were very interesting and were well executed.
- [Spring 2015 REEL Chemistry Student Presentations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/spring-2015-reel-student-presentations/) - The day started off with a luncheon served in the student lounge. The students were able to socialize and relax before a long afternoon of presentations. The students were excited about presenting their research. This was their chance to show off how much they accomplished over the 16 week semester. Each and every one of the presentations was excellent. Congratulations Students on a successful semester in REEL!!
- [Student REEL Presentations Spring 2019](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/student-reel-presentations-spring-2019/) - Analysis of Arsenic and Lead Ion Concentrations in Akron Drinking Water Nino Kovaljesko Increased concentrations of arsenic and lead ions can be detrimental to human health in the form of cancer and cardiovascular pathology. One potential source of these ions is in routine drinking water obtained from household sinks and public drinking fountains. While stringent
- [Student REEL Presentations Spring 2021](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/student-reel-presentations-spring-2021/) - Below are the abstracts from the Chemistry REEL lab in Spring 2021. The students did a great job with their presentations and in the lab. Congratulations!! ANALYSIS OF LEAD, CADMIUM, AND ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN HONEYSUCKLES Junyou Huang Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) generally occur simultaneously with low concentrations in soil, but latest anthropogenic
- [Student REEL Presentations Fall 2021](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/student-reel-presentations-fall-2021/) - Congratulations to the students in General Chemistry REEL and Organic Chemistry REEL this semester. You all did a great job in the lab and with your presentations!! Determination of Rotenone in Organic Soy Milk Jason R. D’Aoust For the past two decades epidemiologists have suspected that exposure to rotenone increases the risk of developing Parkinson’s
- [Student REEL Presentations Spring 2022](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/student-reel-presentations-spring-2022/) - Below are the student REEL presentations from Spring 2022. Everyone did a great job with their presentations as well as their research work in the lab. Congratulations!!!! Chromium in Water and Soil Samples Near Westerly Wastewater Treatment Plant Ariana Coats Wastewater treatment plants process all kinds of wastes, from sewage to chemicals. The main goal
- [Student REEL Presentations Fall 2022](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/student-reel-presentations-fall-2022/) - Below are the Fall 2022 REEL abstracts from my REEL students. The students did a fantastic job with their research and their presentations. Congratulations!!!! Lead Concentrations in Field Grown and Greenhouse Grown Cucumbers Grace Moon Lead is a heavy metal that causes many negative side effects when consumed over a certain concentration threshold. This study
- [Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/) - In these videos we cover many topics in chemistry. Chemistry problem solving is stressed. Organic chemistry, general chemistry, college chemistry, and high school chemistry.
- [Chemistry Simulations PhET](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/) - Below are PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Please click on a simulation to view. Atomic Interactions Balancing Chemical Equations Blackbody Spectrum Build a Molecule Concentration Coloumbs Law Density Diffusion Energy Forms and Changes Gas Properties Gases: Introduction Molecular Polarity Molecular Shapes States of Matter: Basics Wave on a String
- [Acid Dissociation Constants](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/appendix-for-study-guides/acid-dissociation-constants/)
- [Product Solubility Constants, K<sub>sp</sub>](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/appendix-for-study-guides/product-solubility-constants-ksp/) - Discover the Ksp values at 25°C with our comprehensive Appendix. Find all the information you need in one place.
- [Van der Waals Constants, a and b, for some common gases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/appendix-for-study-guides/van-der-waals-constants-a-and-b-for-some-common-gases/) - Back to Appendices for Study Guides
- [Vapor Pressure of Water at Different Temperatures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/appendix-for-study-guides/vapor-pressure-of-water-at-different-temperatures/) - Back to Appendix
- [Chemical and Physical Changes Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/chemical-and-physical-changes/chemical-and-physical-changes-answer-key/) - ChemicalAndPhysicalChangesAnswerKey Back to Chemical and Physical Changes Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Matter
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- [Chemistry and Matter](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/general-chemistry-1-videos/chemistry-and-matter/) - Click on the video to watch. Back to Matter
- [Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/evaporation-vapor-pressure-and-boiling-point/) - Both vapor pressure and boiling point are affected by the strength of interparticle (intermolecular) forces of attraction. Vapor pressure is defined as the partial pressure of a gas in equilibrium with its liquid at a constant temperature. If we have an open container of liquid, it will eventually evaporate--the gas molecules will just go into
- [1. Liquids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/) - In this section we will discuss some properties of liquids. We will discuss phase changes between liquids, solids, and gases as well as evaporation, vapor pressure and boiling point. Please click on a study guide of interest. Properties of Liquids Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point Phase Changes Heating and Cooling Curves The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
- [Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/conjugate-acid-base-pairs/) - In this video we discuss how to determine acid-base conjugate pairs. We also practice writing formulas for conjugate acids and conjugate bases
- [Solutions to Problem Solving and Kc Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-and-problem-solving/solutions-to-problem-solving-and-kc-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate Kp for the following reaction, at 600 oC, if the equilibrium pressures are PPH3 = 5.4 x 10-4 atm, PP2 = 0.426 atm, and PH3 = 0.795 M 2 PH3 (g) ⇄ P2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) \(\displaystyle K_p\;=\;\frac {P_P\times P_{H_2}^{3}}{P_{PH_3}^2}\) \(\displaystyle K_p\;=\;\frac {0.426\times (0.795)^3}{(5.4\times 10^{-4})^2}\;=\;\bf{7.3\times10^5}\) Back to Problem
- [Solutions to Hybrid Multiple Bonds Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/solutions-to-hybrid-multiple-bonds-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. How many pi bonds in NCl3? There are no pi bonds in this molecule. All of the bonds are sigma bonds Back to Multiple Bonds Study Guide Exercise 2. How many pi and sigma bonds in CO2? There are two sigma and two pi bonds. Back to Multiple Bonds Study Guide Exercise
- [Solutions to Exercises VSEPR](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/solutions-to-exercises-vsepr/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Predict both the electron pair geometry and shape of SbF5-. First draw the Lewis structure. There are 6 charge clouds, and the electron pair geometry is octahedral. There is one lone pair and the molecular geometry is square pyramidal. Back to Electron Group and Molecular Geometries Exercise 2. Predict both the electron
- [Solutions to Clausius-Clapeyron Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation/solutions-to-clausius-clapeyron-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What is the enthalpy of vaporization of a compound that has a vapor pressure of 154 torr at -20.0°C K and 0.350 torr at -82.2°C? \(\displaystyle ln\biggl(\frac{P_1}{P_2}\biggr)=\frac{ΔH_{vap}}{R}\biggl(\frac{1}{T_2}-\frac{1}{T_1}\biggr)\) Solve the equation for ΔHvap \(\displaystyle ΔH_{vap}=ln\biggl(\frac{P_1}{P_2}\biggr)\times\frac{R}{\biggl(\frac{1}{T_2}-\frac{1}{T_1}\biggr)}\) P1 = 154 torr, P2 = 0.350 torr, T1 = 253 K, and T2 = 190.8
- [The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation/) - In a previous section, we learned that a lower vapor pressure is due to stronger intermolecular forces of attraction and results in a higher boiling point. A higher vapor pressure means the intermolecular forces of attraction are weaker, and the boiling point is lower. Below is a plot of vapor pressure, in mmHg, vs. Temperature
- [Gases: Stoichiometry, Density, Molar Mass, and Dalton's Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gases-stoichiometry-density-molar-mass-and-daltons-law/) - In this video, you are shown how to work stoichiometric problems, derive the ideal gas law to solve for density and Molar mass, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, and how to solve problems involving collection of gases over water. Go Back to Video List
- [Heating and Cooling Curves](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/heating-and-cooling-curves/) - A heating curve can be used to calculate the enthalpy when a substance is heated. If we were to heat 25.00 g of water from -15.0 °C to 115.0 °C, we can determine ΔH for the heating process. Below is a heating curve for water from -15.0 °C to 115.0 °C. Temperature is on the
- [Heating and Cooling Curves Exercise Solutions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/heating-and-cooling-curves/heating-and-cooling-curves-exercise-solutions/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate the amount of heat required to convert 25.0 g of benzene (C6H6) from 22.0°C to 90.0°C. Boiling Point of benzene = 80.1°C Melting point of benzene = 5.5°C ΔHfus = 9.87 kJ/mol ΔHvap = 33.2 kJ/mol \(\displaystyle c(s)=1.05\;\frac{J}{g⋅K}\) \(\displaystyle c(l)=1.51\;\frac{J}{g⋅K}\) \(\displaystyle c(g)=1.70\;\frac{J}{g⋅K}\) First, draw the heating curve. We
- [Catalysts](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/catalysts/) - A catalyst is a substance that will speed up a reaction by providing an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur. The alternate pathway will have a lower activation energy. A catalyst does not effect the energies of the products or the reactants (ΔH) nor is it consumed in the reaction. The catalyst is used
- [Quizzes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/) - Interactive chemistry quizzes on many different chemistry topics.
- [Molarity Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/molarity-quiz/) - Created by Dr. O'Connor Molarity 1 / 4 How many moles of potassium chloride is in 250. mL of an aqueous solution that is 0.265 M? 1.06 M 66.2 M 0.06625 M 0.943 M 2 / 4 What is the molarity of 3 moles of Mg2- in 5 L of water? Check 3 / 4
- [Exercise Solutions to Moles, Entities, and Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/moles-entities-and-mass/exercise-solutions-to-moles-entities-and-mass/) - Exercises Exercise 1. How many moles of phosphorous are in 2.78 x 1024 atoms of phosphorous? 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 1 mole \(\displaystyle 2.78\times\;{10^{24}\;P\;atoms}\times\frac{1\;mol\;P}{6.02\times\;10^{23}\;P\;atoms}=\;\mathbf{4.62\;moles\;P}\) Back to Moles, Entities, and Mass Exercise 2. How many grams of chlorine in 32.5 moles of chlorine? 1 mole chlorine = 35.453 g \(\displaystyle 32.5\;{moles\;Cl}\times\frac{35.453\;g\;Cl}{1\;mole\;Cl}=\;\mathbf{1.15\times\;10^{3}\;g\;Cl}\) Exercise 3. How many
- [Significant Figures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/significant-figures/) - Learn about significant figures and precision in measurements with our comprehensive study guide, including helpful examples and a quiz.
- [Multiply Two Binomials Using the FOIL Method Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/math-corner/multiply-two-binomials-using-the-foil-method-part-1/) - Back to the Math Corner Back to Homepage
- [Multiply Two Binomials Using the FOIL Method: Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/math-corner/multiply-two-binomials-using-the-foil-method-part-2/) - Back to the Math Corner Back to Homepage
- [Problem Solving and K<sub>c</sub>](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-and-problem-solving/) - In this study guide we will solve problems either to calculate the equilibrium constant or to determine the equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products once the system is at equilibrium. To calculate Kc we would need at least one of the equilibrium concentrations. If we are given initial concentrations and the value of Kc or
- [Solutions to Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/laws-of-definite-and-multiple-proportions/solutions-to-laws-of-definite-and-multiple-proportions-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Carbon suboxide is a compound made up of carbon and oxygen. There is also carbon monoxide, CO, and carbon dioxide, CO2. If a 5.00 g sample of carbon suboxide contains 2.64 g of C and 2.36 g of O, show the law of multiple proportions is adhered to. What is a possible
- [Solutions to The Simplifying Assumption Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-and-problem-solving/the-simplifying-assumption/solutions-to-the-simplifying-assumption-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. The following reaction has Kc = 4.60 x 10-3 at a certain temperature. N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g) The initial concentration of N2O4 was 3.60 M. What are the concentrations of N2O4 and NO2 at equilibrium? Set up an ICE table. \(\displaystyle K_c\;=\;\frac{[NO_2]^2}{[N_2O_4]}\;=\;4.60 \times 10^{-3}\) \(\displaystyle \frac{(2x)^2}{(3.60\;-\;x)}\;=\;4.60 \times 10^{-3}\)
- [Solutions to Kc Relationship to Balanced Chemical Equation Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-relationship-to-balanced-chemical-equation/solutions-to-kc-relationship-to-balanced-chemical-equation-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Given the following, 2 NO (g) + 2 H2 (g) ⇄ N2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) Kc = 6.7 x 102 what is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction? 1/2 N2 (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ NO (g) + H2 (g) K'c = ? The equation has been reversed and
- [States of Matter Basics](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/states-of-matter-basics/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Molecular Polarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/molecular-polarity/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Coloumbs Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/coloumbs-law/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Energy Forms and Changes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/energy-forms-and-changes/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Gas Properties](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/gas-properties/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Gases: Introduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/gases-introduction/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Diffusion](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/diffusion/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Density](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/density/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [PHET: Molecular Shapes Simulation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/phet-molecular-shapes-simulation/) - PHET Simulation: Molecular Shape and Electron Pair Geometries PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Solutions to Relationship Between Kc and Kp Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/relationship-between-kc-and-kp/solutions-to-relationship-between-kc-and-kp-exercises/) - Exercise 1. The following reaction has Kc = 1.8 x 10-8 at 45.6 oC. What is Kp? A (g) + 2 B (g) ⇄ AB2 (g) Kp = Kc(RT)Δn Δn = 1 mol - 3 mol = -2. K = 45.6 oC + 273.15 = 318.75 K Kp = Kc(RT)Δn = 1.8 x 10-8 (0.0821
- [Relationship Between Kc and Kp](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/relationship-between-kc-and-kp/) - There are times when we need to convert between Kc and Kp. Consider the following general reaction. aA + bB ⇄ cC + dD \(\displaystyle K_p\;=\;\frac{P_C^cP_D^d}{P_A^aP_B^b}\) Each reactant and product can be written in terms of partial pressures. Starting with reactant A, the partial pressure can be written as: PAV = nRT and \(\displaystyle
- [The Simplifying Assumption](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-and-problem-solving/the-simplifying-assumption/) - Consider the following reaction: N2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 NO (g) The initial concentration of N2 is 0.75 M and O2 is 0.15 M. Kc is equal to 1.0 x 10-5 at 1227 oC. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species. \(\displaystyle K_c\;=\;\frac{[NO]^2}{[N_2][O_2]}\;=\;1.0 \times 10^{-5}\) Set up the ICE table. Put the equilibrium
- [K<sub>c</sub>  Relationship to Balanced Chemical Equation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/kc-relationship-to-balanced-chemical-equation/) - There are times when we are not able to run a particular reaction in the lab to determine Kc. We might run two or more reactions that will sum to the overall equation and then multiply the values of Kc to determine the equilibrium constant for the overall reaction. First, make sure you have a
- [Precipitation Reactions Exercise Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/precipitation-reactions/precipitation-reactions-exercises/) - An aqueous silver nitrate solution is mixed with an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate.
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- [Equilibrium: The Equilibrium Constant](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-equilibrium/equilibrium-the-equilibrium-constant/) - In previous study guides we have assumed that all reactions go to completion. For example, the reaction between the very reactive sodium metal and toxic chlorine gas produce sodium chloride which is table salt. The reaction is written as: 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2 NaCl (s) The reaction essentially goes to
- [Exercise Answers/Solutions for Transition State and Arrhenius Equation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/temperature-reaction-rate-transition-state-and-the-arrhenius-equation/exercise-answers-solutions-for-transition-state-and-arrhenius-equation/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Sketch a potential energy diagram, properly labeled, for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and ozone. NO (g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g) At a given temperature, Ea is 25.0 kJ, and ΔH is -250 kJ. What is Ea for the reverse reaction? ΔHrxn = Ea(fwd) - Ea(rev) Ea(rev)
- [Solutions/Answers to Reaction Mechanism Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/reaction-mechanisms/solutions-answers-to-reaction-mechanism-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Indicate the molecularity of the following elementary steps. a) NO3 (g) + NO (g) → 2 NO2 (g) 2 b) NO3 (g) + CO (g) → NO2 (g) + CO2 (g) 2 c) NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s) 2 Back to Reaction Mechanisms Exercise 2. Explain the difference between
- [Solution/Answers to Multistep Energy Diagrams](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/energy-diagrams-for-multistep-reactions/solution-answers-to-multistep-energy-diagrams/) - Exercise 1. Consider the following energy diagram to answer the questions. a) How many steps? 3 b) Which is the rate determining step? Step 2. c) Which is the fastest step? Step 3 d) Which step has a higher rate constant, k? Step 3 e) Is the overall reaction exothermic or endothermic? Exothermic f) How
- [Exercises Solutions/Answers Heat, Work, and Energy Conservation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/8815-2/) - Exercises: Solutions/Answers Exercises 1. What is the change in internal energy, ΔE, in joules, of a system that releases 675 J of thermal energy to the surroundings and has 530 calories of work done on it? First convert 530 calories to J \(\displaystyle 530\;cal\times\frac{4.184\;J}{1\;cal}\;=\;2218\;J\) If heat is released, q is negative. Work is doe on
- [Introduction to Equilibrium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/introduction-to-equilibrium/) - IntroductiontoEquilibrium Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Introduction to Equilibrium Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/introduction-to-equilibrium/introduction-to-equilibrium-answer-key/) - IntroductiontoEquilibriumAnswerKey Back to Introduction to Equilibrium Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [General Chemistry 2 Worksheets](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/) - Please click on a worksheet from the following list. I. Liquids Some Properties of Liquids Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point The Clausius Clapeyron Equation Phase Changes Heating and Cooling Curves Heating and Cooling Curves Part 2 Phase Diagrams II. Solids Types of Solids Unit Cells III. Solutions and Their Properties Solutions Concentration Units Colligative
- [Equilibrium Problems Part 1 Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/equilibrium-problems-part-1/equilibrium-problems-part-1-answer-key/) - EquilibriumProblemsPart1AnswerKey
- [Equilibrium Problems Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/equilibrium-problems-part-1/) - EquilibriumProblemsPart1
- [Calculation of Kc and Kp Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/calculation-of-kc-and-kp/calculation-of-kc-and-kp-answer-key/) - CalculationofKcAnswerKey
- [Calculation of Kc and Kp](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/calculation-of-kc-and-kp/) - CalculationofKc
- [Kc and Kp Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/kc-and-kp/kc-and-kp-answer-key/) - KcandKpAnswerKey
- [Initial Rates Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/initial-rates/initial-rates-answer-key/) - InitialRatesAnswerKey Back to Initial Rates Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets Back to Initial Rates Study Guide
- [Colligative Properties Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/colligative-properties/colligative-properties-answer-key/) - ColligativePropertiesAnswerKey Back to Colligative Properties Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Colligative Properties](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/colligative-properties/) - ColligativeProperties Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Concentration Units](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/concentration-units/) - ConcentrationUnits Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
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- [Unit Cells Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/unit-cells/unit-cells-answer-key-2/) - UnitCellsAnswerKey
- [Solutions to Effect of Salts on pH Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/solutions-to-effect-of-salts-on-ph-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. For the following salts, if they are dissolved in water, indicate if the solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. a) Na2CO3 CO32- is the anion of the weak acid HCO3-. It will react with water to produce hydroxide ion, therefore, the solution will be basic. The sodium ion will not react to
- [Unit Cells Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/unit-cells/unit-cells-answer-key/) - UnitCellsAnswerKey Back to Unit Cells Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Unit Cells](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/unit-cells/) - UnitCells Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Types of Solids Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/types-of-solids/types-of-solids-answer-key/) - TypesofSolidsAnswerKey Back to Types of Solids Worksheet Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Types of Solids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/types-of-solids/) - TypesofSolids Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [Worksheets](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/) - General Chemistry 1 Worksheets General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [General Chemistry 1 Worksheets](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-1-worksheets/) - General Chemistry 1 Worksheets Please click on a worksheet. An Answer Key link can be found on the worksheet page. Matter and Measurement in Chemistry The Scientific Method Chemical and Physical Changes Percentage and Parts Per Million Scientific Notation Significant Figures Metric System and Conversions Conversion Factors and Roadmaps Conversions Density: A Derived Unit Density
- [Solutions to Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/evaporation-vapor-pressure-and-boiling-point/solutions-to-evaporation-vapor-pressure-and-boiling-point-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. How does the vapor pressure of a substance change for the following changes? a) The surface area of a liquid is decreased from 20 cm2 to 10 cm2 Increasing or decreasing the surface area has no effect. b) The temperature is increased by 10oC The vapor pressure will increase with increases in
- [The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: Enthalpy of Vaporization](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation-enthalpy-of-vaporization/) - The ClausiusClapeyronEquation Answer Key Back to General Chemistry 2 Worksheets
- [The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: Enthalpy of Vaporization Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/general-chemistry-2-worksheets/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation-enthalpy-of-vaporization/the-clausius-clapeyron-equation-enthalpy-of-vaporization-answer-key/) - The ClausiusClapeyronEquationAnswerKey
- [Student REEL Presentations Fall 2019](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/student-reel-presentations-fall-2019/) - Detecting Gas Emission presence of Di-n-octylphthalate in Waterproof Crib Mattress Covers in Room Temperature Maliah Christine Domingo There have been multiple phthalates that have been banned in the production of products that come into oral contact with infants. One of these phthalates is known as Di-n-octylphthalate (DnOP), which has been proven to cause reproductive and
- [REEL Student Poster Presentations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/reel-student-poster-presentations/) - REEL Poster Presentations Spring 2022, COHSP Research Day, Cleveland State University Umida Burkhanova, Isabela Rivera Paz, Sadeq Alkhalifa, Erin Thorpe, and Anne O’Connor, Ph.D., Detecting the Concentrations of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, and Bisphenol F in Resealable Plastic Storage Bags Using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Organic Chemistry REEL Lab. Eman Ewais, Sadeq Alkhalifa, Erin
- [REEL Student Presentations Fall 2013](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/reel-student-presentations-fall-2013/) - The undergraduate students' chemistry research projects this semester were a great success!! The students presented their research on December 16, 2013. The presentations started with a luncheon in our student lounge. Please scroll down to see the excellent work presented by our undergraduate students.
- [Fall 2015 REEL Chemistry Student Presentations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/fall-2015-reel-chemistry-student-presentations/) - The chemistry undergraduate REEL student presentations were held in the first week of December 2015. The day started off with a luncheon served in the student lounge. The students were able to socialize and relax before a very long afternoon of presentations. Everyone was excited to share their research. The students accomplished a great deal during the short semester. The presentations were interesting and reflected the effort and time that each student put into their research project. Congratulations Students on another successful semester in REEL!!
- [GOB Chemistry Lecture Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/) - Please click on a link below to watch a video. These are lectures for my GOB online course. The vides cover the material for both first and second semester GOB chemistry. This is a good course for nursing students and for students looking at other health career fields. The two semester course provides an introduction to inorganic, organic, and biochemistry. This course will also prepare students for general chemistry and organic chemistry. The first semester is inorganic chemistry and the second semester is organic and biochemistry. Any GOB book can be used to follow the course.
- [Chemical Messengers: Hormones](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/chemical-messengers-hormones/) - In this video we introduce hormones. The hormones are classified by their structures. We discuss amino acid derivative hormones, peptide hormones, and steroid hormones in terms of their structure. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB chemistry course.
- [Phosphoryl Groups](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/phosphoryl-groups/) - Here we discuss phosphate esters and the phosphoryl group. This video is appropriate for second semester GOB chemistry course.
- [Overview of Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/overview-of-protein-and-amino-acid-metabolism/) - In this video we look at protein digestion, transamination, oxidative deamination, and the urea cycle. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB chemistry course for nursing majors. This is just a brief overview of protein and amino acid metabolism.
- [Introduction to Lipid Metabolism](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-lipid-metabolism/) - In this video we talk about the digestion and lipid metabolism. This is just an introduction which is appropriate for a second semester chemistry GOB course.
- [Introduction to Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/introduction-to-nucleic-acids-and-protein-synthesis/) - In this video we discuss nucleic acids and the structures of DNA and RNA. We talk about replication, translation, and transcription. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB course.
- [Metabolism, Energy, and the Citric Acid Cycle](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/metabolism-energy-and-the-citric-acid-cycle/) - In this video we introduce the biochemical oxidizing and reducing agents. We go through the citric acid cycle as well as the electron transport chain. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB course.
- [Vitamins](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/vitamins/) - In this video we discuss the fat soluble and water soluble vitamins--their structure and functions. We briefly discuss antioxidants and how they function in general. This video is appropriate for GOB second semester chemistry.
- [Introduction to Enzymes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-enzymes/) - In this video we discuss enzymes and their function as biological catalysts. The main 6 classes of enzymes are presented. We discuss enzyme regulation and how to increase or decrease the reaction rate. Inhibition and activation are discussed in terms of allosteric and feedback control. Also discussed are competitive and noncompetitive reversible inhibition as well as nonreversible inhibition. This video is appropriate for a GOB second semester course.
- [Amino Acids and Proteins: GOB Chemistry Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/amino-acids-and-proteins-gob-chemistry-video/) - In this video we talk about amino acids and proteins. We look at protein structure--primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Denaturation is also discussed. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB course.
- [Introduction to Lipids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-lipids/) - In this video we introduce lipids. Lipids are classified and the composition of the cell membrane is discussed. This video is appropriate for a GOB second semester chemistry course.
- [Introduction to Carbohydrates GOB Chemistry Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/stereoisomers-and-carbohydrates-gob-chemistry-video/) - In this video we introduce carbohydrates and discuss stereoisomers. Classification of carbohydrates, reactions, chirality of carbohydrates are all discussed. This video is appropriate for a GOB chemistry course.
- [Introduction to Amides: GOB Chemistry Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-amides-gob-chemistry-video/) - This is an introduction chemistry video to amides their properties, IUPAC naming, and chemical reactions. This video is appropriate for a GOB second semester course.
- [Introduction to Amines: GOB Lecture Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-amines-gob-lecture-video/) - This is an introduction chemistry video to amines their properties, IUPAC naming, and chemical reactions. This video is appropriate for a GOB second semester course.
- [Carboxylic Acids and Esters: An Introduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/carboxylic-acids-and-esters-an-introduction/) - This is an introduction video to carboxylic acids and esters; their properties, IUPAC naming, and chemical reactions. This video is appropriate for a GOB second semester course.
- [Aldehydes and Ketones](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/aldehydes-and-ketones/) - This is an introduction to aldehydes and ketones; their properties, IUPAC naming, and chemical reactions. This video is appropriate for a GOB second semester course.
- [Chiral Molecules:  How to Determine if a Molecule has a Chiral Center](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/chiral-molecules-how-to-determine-if-a-molecule-has-a-chiral-center/) - In this video we briefly discuss chirality and how it applies to molecules. Enantiomers are discussed. Students are shown how to determine whether or not a molecule is chiral. We also take a look at how to quickly determine if a simple ring compound has a chiral center. This video is appropriate for a GOB lecture course.
- [Ethers, Thiols, and Alkyl Halides: GOB Chemistry Lectures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/ethers-thiols-and-alkyl-halides-gob-chemistry-lectures/) - This video is part of the GOB lecture sequence for Semester 2. Here, we talk about ethers, thiols, and alkyl halides. The oxidation of thiols to produce disulfides are also discussed. The video is appropriate for a GOB chemistry course.
- [Alcohols and Phenols GOB Chemistry Semester 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/alcohols-and-phenols-gob-chemistry-semester-2/) - This video is part of the GOB lecture sequence for Semester 2. Here, we talk about alcohols and phenols. The reactions of alcohols are also discussed. The video is appropriate for a GOB chemistry course.
- [Alkenes: Alkene Polymers and Aromatic Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/alkenes-alkene-polymers-and-aromatic-compounds/) - This video is part of the GOB lecture sequence for Semester 2. Here, we talk about polymers and benzene. The reactions of benzene are also discussed. The video is appropriate for a GOB chemistry course.
- [GOB Chemistry Alkenes: Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/gob-chemistry-alkenes-part-1/) - This video is for second semester GOB chemistry. Here we introduce alkenes, properties of alkenes, and chemical reactions. Reactions include hydrogenation, halogenation, hydrohalogenation, and hydration.
- [Cycloalkanes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/cycloalkanes/) - This lecture video is an introduction to cycloalkanes. The video is appropriate for a GOB or introductory chemistry course.
- [Alkanes Nomenclature and Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/alkanes-nomenclature-and-reactions/) - In this video we cover alkane nomenclature and two major chemical reactions of alkanes--Combustion and Halogenation. This material is for an introductory chemistry course or GOB course.
- [Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes-part-1/) - This video is a college introduction to chemistry lecture video. It is part of my GOB online course material.
- [Radioisotopes and Half-Life](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/radioisotopes-and-half-life/) - In this video we discuss half-life of radioisotopes. Calculations are shown. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB courses as well as preparatory chemistry courses.
- [Introduction to Buffer Solutions and Acid-Base Titrations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-buffer-solutions-and-acid-base-titrations/) - In this video we introduce buffer solutions and basic calculations using the Henerson-Hasselbalch equation. Titrations are also introduced as well as basic titration calculations for complete neutralization. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB courses as well as preparatory and general chemistry courses.
- [Common Types of Acid-Base Reactions and the Effect of Salts on pH](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/common-types-of-acid-base-reactions-and-the-effect-of-salts-on-ph/) - In this video we briefly cover the more common acid-base reactions. We also discuss how salts affect the pH of an aqueous solution. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB course as well as preparatory and general chemistry courses.
- [Equivalents of Acids and Bases and Normality](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/equivalents-of-acids-and-bases-and-normality/) - Here we introduce equivalents of acid or base and how to calculate normality (N). Converting between normality and molarity is also discussed. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB course as well as preparatory and general chemistry courses.
- [Solutions: Electrolytes and Colligative Properties](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/solutions-electrolytes-and-colligative-properties/) - In this video electrolytes are discussed as well as equivalents of solute in body fluids. Colligative properties, vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmosis are discussed. This video is appropriate for a GOB first semester chemistry course as well as a preparatory chemistry course.
- [Solutions, The Solution Process, and Concentration Calculations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/solutions-the-solution-process-and-concentration-calculations/) - In this video we talk briefly about the solution process. We differentiate between homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. The focus is on gas and solid solutes in a liquid solvent. We discuss how a solution forms as well as how to calculate concentrations. This video is appropriate for a first semester GOB chemistry course as well as a preparatory chemistry course.
- [Introduction to Equilibrium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-equilibrium/) - In this video we talk about reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium. Le Chatelier's Principal is also discussed in terms of changes in temperature, pressure, and concentration. This video is appropriate for a first semester GOB chemistry course or an introductory course in chemistry.
- [Reaction Rates: Activation Energy and Free Energy Reaction Diagrams](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/reaction-rates-activation-energy-and-free-energy-reaction-diagrams/) - In the video we discuss how a reaction occurs--collision theory. We also discuss free energy diagrams and activation energy. Increasing temperature, increase in concentration of reactants, and adding a catalyst are ways to increase a reaction rate. This video is appropriate for a first semester GOB course.
- [Energetics: Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free Energy](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/energetics-enthalpy-entropy-and-free-energy/) - In this video energy changes for processes and reactions are discussed. Enthalpy change, entropy change, and free energy are discussed and students are shown how to do calculations involving the three. Students will also learn how to calculate the heat of reaction from bond dissociation energies. This video is appropriate for a GOB chemistry course or an introduction to chemistry course.
- [Oxidation-Reduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/oxidation-reduction/) - In this video oxidation-reduction is discussed. Students will learn how to determine the oxidation numbers of atoms in a substance. The determination of the substances oxidized and reduced in a chemical reaction are covered. Reducing agents and oxidizing agents are identified. The video is appropriate for a first semester GOB chemistry course.
- [GOB Chemistry:  Balance and Write Equations, Precipation Reactions, and Neutralization Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/gob-chemistry-balance-and-write-equations-precipation-reactions-and-neutralization-reactions/) - In this video I show students how to balance a chemical equation and to write a balanced chemical equation from a reaction description. I also cover precipitation reactions, how to write net ionic equations, and neutralization reactions. The video is appropriate for a first semester GOB chemistry course.
- [Molecular Shapes and Polarity](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/molecular-shapes-and-polarity/) - In this video the VSEPR model is used to determine molecular shapes. Molecular polarity is also discussed. This video is appropriate for a first semester GOB course as well as a preparatory chemistry course. Go Back to GOB Lecture Videos Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Lewis Structures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/lewis-structures/) - In this video Lewis structures are drawn for different molecules. This video is appropriate for a first semester GOB course or a preparatory chemistry course.
- [Covalent Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/covalent-compounds/) - In this video we introduce covalent compounds. We discuss covalent bonds, molecular shapes, electronegativity, polarity, and nomenclature of binary molecular compounds. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB chemistry or a preparatory chemistry course. Go Back to GOB Lecture Videos Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Ionic Compounds Video 2: Nomenclature](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/ionic-compounds-video-2-nomenclature/) - In this video we discuss the properties, how to write formulas and how to name ionic compounds. This video is appropriate for a GOB first semester chemistry course. I use these in my online course.
- [Ionic Compounds Video 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/ionic-compounds-video-1/) - In this video we discuss ions, ionization energy, and how to name common ions. This video is used in my GOB first semester online course.
- [Electron Configuration, Orbital Box Diagrams, and Valence Electrons](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/electron-configuration-orbital-box-diagrams-and-valence-electrons/) - In this video we cover electron configurations, orbital box diagrams, valence electrons, and Lewis (electron) dot symbols. This video is presented in my first semester GOB course. It is also appropriate for introductory chemistry.
- [The Periodic Table Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/the-periodic-table-video/) - Introduction to the periodic table. We discuss how the elements are organized, the metals, nonmetals, metalloids, transition elements, inner transition elements, spdf blocks, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and noble gases. I also show you how to label a blank periodic table. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB course as well as preparatory and general chemistry courses.
- [Atomic Structure, Atomic Mass, Mass Number, Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Atomic Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/atomic-structure-atomic-mass-mass-number-atomic-number-isotopes-and-atomic-mass/) - In this video we discuss atomic theory, atomic structure, atomic mass, mass number, atomic number, isotopes, and atomic mass. The student is shown how to calculate an atomic mass from percent abundances and isotopic masses. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB chemistry.
- [Energy and Specific Heat](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/energy-and-specific-heat/) - Energy and specific heat is discussed in this GOB video. Problem solving involving heat capacity is also presented here. This video is appropriate for first semester GOB chemistry.
- [Using Conversion Factors for Problem Solving](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/problems-using-conversion-factors/) - In this video conversion factors are used to solve problems. The video is appropriate for a GOB course, a preparatory chemistry course, or for general chemistry. Go Back to GOB Lecture Videos Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Measurements in Chemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/measurements-in-chemistry/) - A brief discussion about mixtures. The metric system, SI Units, significant figures, etc. This is appropriate for a GOB chemistry course, Prepratory Chemistry, or General Chemistry 1. Go Back to GOB Lecture Videos Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [CHM 261 Chapter 5 Video 1 of 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/chm-261-chapter-5-video-1-of-1/) - Gas laws, rearrangements of the ideal gas law, and stoichiometry. This is the first video for the chapter. Back to Video List Back to Homepage
- [CHM 261 Chapter 4 Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/chm-261-chapter-4-part-2/) - Chapter 4 Part 2 for CHM 261. Here we talk about redox reactions, the activity series, and volumetric analysis, titrations, using a balanced chemical equation. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [CHM 261 Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/chm-261-chapter-4-chemical-reactions/) - Chapter 4 CHM 261 Video one of two. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Enthalpy Diagrams](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/enthalpy-diagrams/) - In this video we draw enthalpy diagrams for an exothermic reaction.
- [Thermochemistry: Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/thermchemistry-stoichiometry/) - In this video we determine the amount of heat released in a chemical reaction using stoichiometry. We also use the heat released to determine the amount of product produced. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Coffee Cup Calorimetry: Calculate Enthalpy Change](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/coffee-cup-calorimetry-calculate-enthalpy-change/) - In this video we calculate then enthalpy change for a reaction. Solutions of potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid are mixed together in a coffee cup calorimeter and the temperature change is measured. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Using Specific Heat Capacity in Calculations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/using-specific-heat-capacity-in-calculations/) - In this video we use the specific heat capacity and mass of aluminum to determine the final temperature of the alumuninum after it is heated. Back to Video List Back to Video List
- [Bomb Calorimetry Problem](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/bomb-calorimetry-problem/) - In this video we calculate the temperature change when benzoic acid is a burned in a bomb calorimeter
- [Use Hess's Law to Determine the Enthalpy Change for the Vaporization of Carbon Disulfide](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/use-hesss-law-to-determine-the-enthalpy-change-for-the-vaporization-of-carbon-disulfide/) - In this video we use Hess's Law to determine the enthalpy change for the vaporization of carbon disulfide
- [Use Hess's Law to Calculate the Enthalpy Change For a Reaction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/use-hesss-law-to-calculate-the-enthalpy-change-for-a-reaction/) - Here we use Hess's Law to calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction. The enthalpy change is calculated by manipulating three equations with known enthalpy changes.
- [Temperature Conversions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/temperature-conversions/) - Here we convert from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit and from degrees Celsius to Kelvins. Back to Videos Back to Homepage
- [Formula for Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/formula-for-converting-between-celsius-and-fahrenheit/) - In this video we determine the formula for converting between the Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales. In a problem we are asked to determine the boiling and melting points of water on a new temperature scale in degrees X. The formula for the conversion is derived from the boiling and melting points of benzene and the
- [Determine Atomic Radius from Face-Centered Unit Cell](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-atomic-radius-from-face-centered-unit-cell/) - In this video we determine the atomic radius of a gold atom from density and a face-centered cubic unit cell
- [Lewis Structures and Molecular Shapes (simple)](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/lewis-structures-and-molecular-shape-simple/) - Draw a Lewis structure, determine molecular shape, and state whether molecule is polar or nonpolar. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Chemistry Olympiad 2023](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/chemistry-olympiad-2023/) - Registration for the 2023 Chemistry Olympiad is now open The 55th Annual Chemistry Olympiad Local Exam will be administered online on the ACS Learning Center on March 25 at 11:00 AM. Instructions on how to access the exam will be sent to you once you are registered. Students must be registered by March 6, 2023.
- [Conformation Page CHM Olym 2023](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/conformation-page-chm-olym-2023/) - Thank you for registering for the Chemistry Olympiad 2023. Your registration has been submitted.
- [Stoichiometry Part 4 Percent Yield](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/stoichiometry-part-4-percent-yield/) - Calculate the percent yield of product when given the actual yield and starting amounts of reactant. We also determine the limiting reactant.
- [Stoichiometry Part 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/stoichiometry-part-3/) - In this video we talk about how to set up stoichiometry problems from a balanced chemical equation. Limiting reactants are also covered
- [Stoichiometry Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/stoichiometry-part-2/) - In this video we go over simple stoichiometry problems with an emphasis on limiting reactant. Prerequisites for this video Balance a chemical equation and convert between moles and grams. Tutorial on Balancing a Chemical Equation Check out our Stoichiometry Tutorial Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Stoichiometry Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/stoichiometry-part-1/) - Here we discuss simple stoichiometry with mole to mole conversions. The emphasis is placed on mole ratios. Prerequisites for this video Balance a chemical equation and convert between moles and grams. Tutorial on Balancing a Chemical Equation Check out our Stoichiometry Tutorial Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Calculate Molality, Molarity, and Mole Fraction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-molality-molarity-and-mole-fraction/) - In this video we are given the concentration of a solution in mass percent. Here, we calculate the molality, molarity, and mole fraction.
- [Calculate Molarity and Molality of Concentrated Nitric Acid](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-molarity-and-molality-of-concentrated-nitric-acid/) - Calculate the molality and molarity of concentrated nitric acid using percent by mass concentration and density. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Preparation of a Solution by Dilution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparation-of-a-solution-by-dilution/) - How to prepare a solution by diluting a more concentrated solution. Determine the molarity of a solution diluted to a given volume from a more concentrated solution. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Molarity Calculations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/molarity-calculations/) - Calulate molarity of a solution if given the number of grams of solute. Calculate the molar concentration of ions in a solution, and calculate how many grams of solute that will be needed to prepare a solution of given molarity. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Enthalpy of Hydration Calculation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/enthalpy-of-hydration-calculation/) - Here we are given the lattice enthalpy and heat of solution. We calculate the hydration enthalpy for sodium acetate
- [Calculation of Enthalpy of Vaporization at a Given Temperature](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculation-of-enthalpy-of-vaporization-at-a-given-temperature/) - Here we calculate the enthalpy of vaporization when given 2 vapor pressures and the corresponding temperatures. We use the two-point form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to solve the problem.
- [Calculation Using Enthalpy of Sublimation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculation-using-enthalpy-of-sublimation/) - Calculations using the enthalpy of sublimation of dry ice Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Enthalpy of Vaporization](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/enthalpy-of-vaporization/) - How to determine how much energy is needed to vaporize a given amount of Mercury using vaporization enthalpy
- [Enthalpy Change for the Conversion of Ice to Steam](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/enthalpy-change-for-the-conversion-of-ice-to-steam/) - In this video we determine the enthalpy change for the conversion of 25 g of ice to steam. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Ether Cleavage: Mechanisms](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/ether-cleavage-mechanisms/) - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Ethers. In this video we cover both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms of ether cleavage. Back to Video List Back to Video List Back to Homepage
- [E and Z Isomers Drawing, Labeling, and Skeletal Structures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/e-and-z-isomers-drawing-labeling-and-skeletal-structures/) - In this video I show you how to draw and label E and Z isomers. We also draw skeletal structures for the E and Z isomers
- [Chair Conformations for a Disubstituted Cyclohexane](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/chair-conformations-of-a-disubstituted-cyclohexane/) - In this video we draw two chair conformers for a disubstituted cyclohexane and determine the most stable conformer. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Lewis Structures and Formal Charge](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/lewis-structures-and-formal-charge/) - In this video we draw a Lewis structure and determine formal charges. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Alkane Nomenclature](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/alkane-nomenclature/) - Video on Alkane Nomenclature.
- [Cyclohexane Chair Conformers: Drawing and Determining the Most Stable Conformer](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/cyclohexane-chair-conformers-drawing-and-determining-the-most-stable-conformer/) - In this video we show you how to draw the stable chair conformers of cyclohexane. We then determine the more stable chair conformer for substituted cyclohexanes.
- [Nomenclature Substituted Cycloalkanes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/nomenclature-substituted-cycloalkanes/) - Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Convert Between Moles, Grams, Number of Molecules, and Number of Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/convert-between-moles-grams-number-of-molecules-and-number-of-ions/) - In this video I show you how to convert between grams, moles, number of ions, and number of molecules. This video is good for high school, introductory chemistry, preparatory chemistry, college chemistry, and general chemistry students, teachers, and parents.
- [Convert Between Moles, Grams, and Number of Atoms](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/convert-between-moles-grams-and-number-of-atoms/) - In this video I show you how to convert between grams, moles, and the number of copper atoms in a sample. This is good for high school, introductory chemistry, preparatory chemistry, college chemistry, and general chemistry students.
- [Determine the Activation Energy Using the Arrhenius Equation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-the-activation-energy-using-the-arrhenius-equation/) - In this video we determine the activation energy for a reaction and then determine the rate constant at another temperature. This video is appropriate for a general chemistry course, second semester.
- [Using Half-Life of C-14 to Determine the Age of a Wooden Relic](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/using-half-life-of-c-14-to-determine-the-age-of-a-wooden-relic/) - In this video we are given the percentage of C-14 found in a wooden artifact and asked to calculate the age of the relic.
- [Reaction Mechanism With Two Fast Equilibrium Steps: Determine the Rate Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/reaction-mechanism-with-two-fast-equilibrium-steps-determine-the-rate-law/) - In this video we are given an observed rate law and asked to determine if the mechanism is consistent with the observed rate law. There are two initial steps that are fast equilibrium steps.
- [Integrated Rate Law and Half-Life](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-initial-concentration-of-reactant-when-given-half-life-and-reactant-concentration-after-time-t/) - Determine the initial concentration of reactant if given the half life and reactant concentration after a given amount of time. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Second Order Decomposition of Nitrogen Dioxide Gas.](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/second-order-decomposition-of-nitrogen-dioxide-gas/) - In this video we determine how long it will take for 75% of a given amount of nitrogen dixode to decompose. The decomposition is second order with respect to nitrogen dioxide. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Initial Rates:  Determination of the Rate Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/initial-rates-determination-of-the-rate-law/) - In this video we determine the rate law from initial rate data for the reaction between NO2 and CO. This problem differs from many of the standard problems of this type, because the concentration of NO2 is different for each of the experiments. Here we show how to calculate the order with respect to CO. This video is appropriate for General Chemistry 2.
- [Initial Rates: Determination of the Rate Law and Rate Constant When Reactant Concentration is not Held Constant](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/initial-rates-determination-of-the-rate-law-and-rate-constant-when-reactant-concentration-is-not-held-constant/) - In this video we determine the rate law from initial rate data for the reaction between C2H4Br2 and I-. This problem differs from many of the standard problems of this type, because the concentration of 2H4Br2 is not held constant in any of the experiments. Here we show how to calculate the order with respect to CO. This video is appropriate for General Chemistry 2.
- [Kinetics: Determine the Overall Reaction Order and the Rate Constant from Initial Rates](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/kinetics-determine-the-overall-reaction-order-and-the-rate-constant-from-initial-rates/) - In this video we are given experimental initial rate data. From this we determine the reaction order with respect to each reactant and the overall order of reaction. We then calculate the rate constant, k, from the data.
- [Ideal Gas Law: Collection of Gas over Water and Reaction Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/ideal-gas-law-collection-of-gas-over-water-and-reaction-stoichiometry/) - In this video, we use the ideal gas law to determine the mols of gas collected over water. We then use a balanced chemical equation to find out how much reactant was used to produce the moles of gas
- [Using the Combined Gas Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/using-the-combined-gas-law/) - In this video we use the combined gas law to solve for temperature. The pressure and amount of gas is held constant and the combined gas law reduces to Charles's Law.
- [Gas Laws:  Charles's Law Solve for Volume](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gas-laws-charless-law/) - In this video we work with Charles's Law. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Ideal Gas Law and Determination of the Density of a Gas](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/ideal-gas-law-and-determination-of-the-density-of-a-gas/) - In this video we use the ideal gas law to determine the number of moles of gas at STP. We then determine the density of the gas. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Using the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Molar Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/using-the-ideal-gas-law-to-determine-the-molar-mass/) - In the video we use the ideal gas law to determine the molar mass of a gas. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Rearrangement of the Ideal Gas Law:  Density and Molar Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/rearrangement-of-the-ideal-gas-law-density-and-molar-mass/) - In this video we rearrange and use substitutions in the ideal gas law to solve for density and molar mass
- [Calculate the Density of a Gas at STP](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-the-density-of-a-gas-at-stp/) - In the video we show how to calculate the density of a gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure). This is appropriate for a GOB lecture course, a preparatory chemistry course, or general chemistry.
- [Solving Equilibrium Problems Part 6](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/solving-equilibrium-problems-part-6/) - In this video we are given the concentrations of all species and Kc. We are asked to calculate the equilibrium concentrations. We must use the reaction quotient, Qc to determine which direction the reaction must proceed to reach equilibrium.
- [Solving Equilibrium Problems Part 5](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/solving-equilibrium-problems-part-5/) - In this video we are given initial concentrations and Kc. Here we make a simplifying assumption to calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species.
- [Solving Equilibrium Problems Part 4](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/solving-equilibrium-problems-part-4/) - In this video we are given the starting concentrations of reactants and asked to calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species. We are able to simplify our calculation by recognizing a perfect square.
- [Solving Equilibrium Problems Part 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/solving-equilibrium-problems-part-3/) - In this video we are given the initial concentration of reactant and the equiiibrium concentration of one of the products. We are asked to calculate Kc for the reaction.
- [Solving Equilibrium Problems Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/solving-equilibrium-problems-part-2/) - In this video we determine the equilibrium concentration of product when given initial concentration of the reactant and Kc. We also use an assumption to simplify the calculation.
- [Solving Equilibrium Problems Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/solving-equilibrium-problems-part-1/) - In this video we determine Kc when given equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products.
- [Equilibrium Constants and Balanced Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/equilibrium-constants-and-balanced-equations/) - Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Convert Between Kp and Kc](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/convert-between-kp-and-kc/) - In this video we convert between Kc and Kp for several equilibria.
- [Determine Kc if Coefficients are Multiplied or Equation is Reversed](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-kc-if-coefficients-are-multiplied-or-equation-is-reversed/) - In this video we are given an equation with a Kc value. We are asked to determine Kc when the equation coefficients have been multiplied by a factor. We are also asked to calculate Kc for the reverse reaction.
- [Calculate an Equilibrium Constant (Kc)](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-an-equilibrium-constant-kc/) - In this video we calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, when given the initial and equilibrium concentrations of the reactant. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Electron Configuration and Orbital Box Diagram for First Excited State of Sodium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/electron-configuration-and-orbital-box-diagram-for-first-excited-state-of-sodium/) - In this video we write both the electron configuration and orbital box diagram for the first excited state of sodium.
- [Density Calculations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/density-calculations/) - In this video we calculate the density of a metal cube when given the length of one side of the cube and the mass of the cube. We then calculate the volume of ethanol needed for an experiment when the mass and density of ethanol are given.
- [Oxidation Reduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/oxidation-reduction/) - Determine which species is oxidized and which species is reduced in a chemical equation. Indicate the oxidizing and reducing agents.
- [Precipitation Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/precipitation-reactions/) - Predict if a precipitate will form. Write an ionic and net ionic equation and indicate the spectator ions
- [Write and Balance Chemical Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/write-and-balance-chemical-equations/) - In this video we write a chemical equation from given information. We then learn how to balance the equation.
- [CHM 252 Syllabus Spring 2023](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/chm-252-syllabus-spring-2023/) - Back to Syllabi and Course Videos
- [Energy Exercise 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/energy-exercise-3/) - 3. What is the kinetic energy of an electron, in joules, that has a mass of 9.109 x 10-28 g and moves at a speed of 2.2 x 103 km/s? \(\displaystyle\mathbf{E_K\;=\;\frac{1}{2}\;m\textit{v}^2}\) Convert the mass of the electron from g to kg. 9.109 x 10-28 g = 9.109 x 10-31 kg The speed of the electron
- [Exercise Solutions to Properties of Liquids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/properties-of-liquids/exercise-solutions-to-properties-of-liquids/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Ethanol, C2H5OH, and dimethyl ether, CH3--O--CH3, are constitutional isomers. Which would have the higher surface tension. Explain why. Ethanol has stronger intermolecular forces of attraction due to hydrogen bonding, therefore ethanol would have the higher surface tension. Back to Properties of Liquids Exercise 2. Which substance in each pair has the highest
- [Quiz: Properties of Liquids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-properties-of-liquids/) - 162 Created on December 27, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Properties of Liquids 1 / 4 Water has a greater surface tension than maple syrup. True False 2 / 4 Cohesive forces are: Forces of attraction between molecules of different substances Forces of attraction between molecules of the same substance Intramolecular forces of attraction None of
- [Thermodynamic Quantities at 25°C](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/thermodynamic-quantities-at-25c/) - Right Click a table and open the link in a new tab if you want to zoom in. Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon. If you cannot find your compound under carbon, please scroll down to the last table labeled Organic Substances. A more extensive list of substances and their thermodynamic quantities can be
- [Table of Bond Energies](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/table-of-bond-energies/) - Average Bond Energies *Bond dissociation energies for diatomic molecules can be directly measured. The rest are average bond energies. Back to Appendix
- [Organic Acids/Bases, pH and pK<sub>a</sub>, and Equilibrium Solutions to Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/acids-and-bases/organic-acids-and-bases-pka-and-ph-and-equilibrium/organic-acids-ph-and-pka-bases-and-equilibrium-solutions-to-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Order the following acids from weakest to strongest using the pKa values given. Calculate the acid dissociation, Ka,values. a) HSO3-; pKa = 7.2 b) HC2C2O4; pKa = 1.2 c) C6H5OH; pKa = 10 d) H2O; pKa = 14 H2O; < C6H5OH < HSO3- < HC2C2O4 Ka (HSO3-) = 10-pKa = 10-7.2 =
- [The Periodic Table of the Elements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/the-periodic-table-of-the-elements/) - Click on a Periodic Table to Zoom in.
- [Enthalpy and Stoichiometry Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/enthalpy-and-stoichiometry/enthalpy-and-stoichiometry-answer-key/) - EnthalpyandStoichiometryAnswerKey Back to Enthalpy and Stoichiometry Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry and Hess's Law Study Guide
- [Enthalpy and Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/enthalpy-and-stoichiometry/) - EnthalpyandStoichiometry Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Stoichiometry and Hess's Law Study Guide
- [Heat, Work, and Energy Conservation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/heat-and-work/) - Two forms of energy transfer are heat and work. Heat (thermal energy), q is the energy that flows into or out of a system because of the difference in temperature between the system and the surroundings. Work, w, is the energy transferred when an object is moved by a force. The internal energy change, ΔE,
- [Organic Acids and Bases, pKa and pH, and Equilibrium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/acids-and-bases/organic-acids-and-bases-pka-and-ph-and-equilibrium/) - pKa and pH If a strong acid such as HBr is dissolved in water, most of the acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bromide ions. The products are favored at equilibrium. When a weak acid such as acetic acid, CH3COOH, is dissolved in water, only a small fraction of the molecules dissociate into ions. In
- [Acids and Bases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/acids-and-bases/) - Please click on a Study Guide below. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Organic Acids and Bases, pKa and pH, and Equilibrium
- [Organic Chemistry 1 Study Guides](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/organic-chemistry-1-study-guides/) - Click on a study guide topic to view the material, work problems, or take a quiz. These study guides are meant to supplement your text and notes from class. Many of the study guides include a practice problem set with worked out solutions, worksheets, or a quiz. Links to videos are included in many of
- [Solutions for Hybridization Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/solutions-for-hybridization-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Which is a stronger bond, a σ or π bond? The sigma bond, σ, is stronger. Back to Hybridization of Orbitals Exercise 2. What hybridization is expected for the underlined atoms in the following? a) CH3- First, we draw the Lewis structure. The carbon is sp3 hybridized. b) CH3SH First, we draw
- [Electron Configurations for Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/electron-configurations-for-ions/) - Electron configurations for cations and anions are determined from the electron configuration of the parent atom. For example, sodium has an electron configuration of [Ne]3s1. Sodium will lose one electron from the 3s subshell to form Na+1. The configuration for the Na+1 ion is [Ne]. The Mg atom is in Group 2A of the periodic
- [Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-mixtures/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-mixtures-answer-key/) - HomogeneousandHeterogeneousMixturesAnswerKey Back to Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Mixtures Study Guide
- [Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/homogeneous-and-heterogeneous-mixtures/) - HomogeneousandHeterogeneousMixtures Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Mixtures Study Guide
- [Mixtures](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/mixtures/) - Having discussed the various aspects of both elements and compounds, we will now look at the properties of these same substances when mixed together.
- [Law of the Conservation of Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/law-of-the-conservation-of-mass/) - The law of Mass Conservation is an important fundamental chemical principle. The law states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
- [Common Groups of Elements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/common-groups-of-elements/) - Recall, the elements in a group are similar in chemical behavior. The elements in Group 1A are called the alkali metals. They include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and Cesium (Cs). Hydrogen is a non metal and therefore is not an alkali metal.
- [Isotopes and Average Weighted Atomic Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/isotopes-and-average-weighted-atomic-mass/) - CHM161Isotopes and Average Weighted Atomic Mass Answer Key Back to Worksheets Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Atomic Mass Study Guide
- [Isotopes and Weighted Average Atomic Mass Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/isotopes-and-average-weighted-atomic-mass/isotopes-and-weighted-average-atomic-mass-answer-key/) - CHM161Isotopes and Average Weighted Atomic MassAnswerKey Back to Isotopes and Average Weighted Atomic Mass Worksheet Back to Worksheets Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Atomic Mass Study Guide
- [Electrolytes, Non Electrolytes, and Concentrations In Solution Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/electrolytes-non-electrolytes-and-concentrations-in-solution/electrolytes-non-electrolytes-and-concentrations-in-solution-answer-key/) - CHM261ElectrolytesNonElectrolytesIonConcentrationsInSolutionAnswerKey Back to Electrolytes, Non Electrolytes, and Concentrations in Solutions Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes Study Guide
- [Electrolytes, Non Electrolytes, and Concentrations in Solution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/electrolytes-non-electrolytes-and-concentrations-in-solution/) - CHM261ElectrolytesNonElectrolytesIonConcentrationsInSolution Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes Study Guide
- [Percentage and Parts Per Million](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/percentage-and-parts-per-million/) - CHM161PercentagePPM Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Percentages, Parts Per Million, and Parts Per Billion Study Guide
- [Percentage and Parts Per Million Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/percentage-and-parts-per-million/percentage-and-parts-per-million-answer-key/) - CHM161PercentagePPMAnswerKey Back to Percentage and Parts Per Million Worksheet Back to Worksheets Back to Percentages, Parts Per Million, and Parts Per Billion Study Guide
- [Percentages, Parts Per Million, and Parts Per Billion](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/percentages-parts-per-million-parts-per-billion/) - Percentages, Parts per Million, and Parts per Billion In our daily lives, we read and hear about 85 percent of voters supporting a certain bill, or drinking water containing a certain parts per million or parts per billion of toxic substances. What do these numbers actually mean and how are they calculated? In this section,
- [Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/compounds/) - Now that we have defined an element as a collection of just one type of atom, we shall now consider the second type of pure substance, the compound. Unlike an element, a compound is a collection of more than one type of atom. Recall that both elemental nitrogen (N2) and elemental oxygen (O2) occur as
- [Conversions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/conversions/) - CHM161Conversions Answer Key Back to Worksheet Back to Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
- [Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/compounds/) - CHM161Compounds Answer Key Back to Worksheets Back to Compounds
- [Conversions Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/conversions/conversions-answer-key/) - CHM161ConversionsAnswerKey Back to Conversions Worksheet Back to Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis Back to Worksheets
- [Compounds Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/compounds/compounds-answer-key/) - CHM161CompoundsAnswerKey Back to Compounds Worksheet Back to Compounds Back to Worksheets
- [Atomic Structure](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/atomic-structure/) - An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. The neutrons and protons are located in the dense nuclear region of the atom while the electrons are in the extranuclear region of the atom. The protons have
- [Metric System and Conversions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/metric-system-and-conversions/) - MetricSystemandConversions Answer Key Back to Worksheets Go to Measurement and the Metric System
- [Metric System and Conversions Worksheet Answer Key](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/worksheets/metric-system-and-conversions/metric-system-and-conversions-worksheet-answer-key/) - MetricSystemandConversionsAnswerKey Back to Worksheets Go to Measurement and the Metric System
- [Chemistry Help](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/) - Submit your Chemistry Questions here. We will answer your chemistry questions with videos and pencasts
- [Introduction to Carbohydrate Metabolism](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/gob-chemistry-lecture-videos/introduction-to-carbohydrate-metabolism/) - Glycolysis and other pathways for carbohydrate metabolism are discussed in this video. This video is appropriate for a second semester GOB course.
- [CHM 161 Video Lessons](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chm-161-video-lessons/) - List of Videos for CHM 161 Preparatory Chemistry Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Chapter 2 Lesson 1 Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Chapter 2 Lesson 3 Chapter 2 Lesson 4 Chapter 3 Lesson 1 Chapter 3 Lesson 2 Isotopes Chapter 3 Lesson 3 Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations Chapter 5 Lesson 1 Electron
- [Convert Units of Volume](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/volume-conversions/) - In the video we convert the volume of a piece of metal from cubic centimeters to cubic inches. Back Home Back to Videos
- [Conversion Factors Part 3: Multistep Conversions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/conversion-factors-part-3-multistep-conversions/) - This is a two part video. Here we demonstrate how to solve multi-step chemistry problems using conversion factors. If you are new to these types of problems we suggest you watch Conversion Factors Part 1 Conversion Factors Part 2 This is a continuation of Conversion Factors Part 3. More Problem Solving. Back to Videos Back
- [Conversion Factors Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/conversion-factors-part-2/) - Here we solve some simple one step conversions. Convert from mg to g, inches to cm, and g to lbs. If you are new to these types of problems you might want to view Conversion Factors Part 1 Back to Videos Back Home
- [Conversion Factors Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/conversion-factors-part-1/) - Here we talk about conversion factors: what they are and how to set them up. Back to Videos Back to Home
- [Periodic Table Design Exercise 5](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/the-periodic-table-and-its-design/periodic-table-design-exercise-5/) - Exercise 5. Label the following on the blank periodic table: metals, nonmetals, metalloids, alkali metals, transition elements, inner transition elements, lanthanides, actinides, d-block elements, noble gases, halogens, chalcogens, pnictogens, alkaline earth metals, d-block elements, f-block elements, and s-block elements. Use a legend for the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Back to Periodic Table and its Design
- [Navigating Blackboard CHM 251](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/navigating-blackboard-chm-251/)
- [CHM 251 How to Obtain Access Code and Access E-text and Assignments Mastering](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/chm-251-how-to-obtain-access-code-and-access-e-tex-and-assignments-mastering/)
- [Electron Configurations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/electron-configurations/) - Write Electron Configurations for Oxygen, Strontium, and Arsenic In this video, we write the electron configurations for oxygen, strontium, and Arsenic and determine the number of valence electrons. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [CHM 251 Syllabus Fall 2022](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/chm-251-syllabus-fall-2022/)
- [Office Hours Fall 22](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/office-hours-fall-22/)
- [CHM 261 Fall 2022 Syllabus](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/chm-261-fall-2022-syllabus/) - Click on the video to watch.
- [Access to Mastering and Course Layout](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/syllabi-and-course-videos/access-to-mastering-and-course-layout/)
- [Wave on a String PHET Simulation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/wave-on-a-string-phet-simulation/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations
- [Concentration PhET Simulation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/concentration-phet-simulation/) - Back to Chemistry Simulations PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Home Page
- [Build a Molecule PhET Simulation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/build-a-molecule-phet-simulation/) - Click to Run PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Blackbody Spectrum PhET Simulation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/blackbody-spectrum-phet-simulation/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home Page
- [Balancing Chemical Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/balancing-chemical-equations/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home
- [Atomic Interactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-simulations-phet/atomic-interactions/) - PhET Interactive Simulations from the University of Colorado Boulder (http://phet.colorado.edu) Back to Chemistry Simulations Back to Home
- [Quiz: Precipitation Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-precipitation-reactions/) - 108 Created on August 03, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Quiz: Precipitation Reactions 1 / 5 What is the net ionic equation when aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and Li2S are mixed? Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + LiS (aq) → PbS (s) + LiNO3 Li+ (aq) + S2- (aq) → LiS (s) Pb2+ (aq) + S2- (aq) → PbS
- [Quiz: The Periodic Table and its Design](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-the-periodic-table-and-its-design/) - 148 Created on July 27, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Quiz: The Periodic Table and its Design 1 / 5 Which of the following are inner transition elements? Tc Bi Sm Po Pu U 2 / 5 Which of the following are metalloids? As C Se Te Al Si 3 / 5 Which of the following
- [Quiz: Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-conversion-factors-and-dimensional-analysis/) - 77 Created on July 26, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Quiz: Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis 1 / 5 Convert 265 pennies to nickels. 825 nickels 25 nickels 1325 nickels 53 nickels 2 / 5 How many mL are in 2.86 x 108 microliters? 286 μL 2.86 x 105 μL 2.86 x 106 μL 2.86 x
- [Quiz: Scientific Notation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-scientific-notation/) - 178 Created on July 26, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Quiz: Scientific Notation 1 / 4 6.623 x 10-8 is the same as 0.0006623 6,623,000,000 0.00000006623 6,623 2 / 4 8,436 is the same as 8.436 x 103 8.436 x 10-3 8.436 x 104 8.436 x 10-5 3 / 4 2.86 x 105 is the same
- [Quiz: Measurement, Metric System, and SI Units](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/measurement-metric-system-si-units/quiz-measurement-metric-system-and-si-units/) - 280 Created on July 25, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Quiz: Measurement, Metric System, and SI Units 1 / 5 646.2 μL corresponds to 6.462 x 10-3 mL 0.6462 L 6.462 L 0.6462 mL 2 / 5 How many g is 264 mg? 2.64 x 103g 2.64 g 0.264 g 264,000 g 3 / 5 Which
- [Quiz: Matter](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/matter/quiz-matter/) - 936 Created on July 23, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Matter Quiz 1 / 5 Which of the following is not matter? 1) ice-cream 2) skin 3) rainbow 4) heat 5) dogs 6) air 3, 4, and 6 1 and 3 3 and 4 6 2 / 5 Which of the following are physical properties? 1.
- [Weak Acid Equilibria](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/weak-acid-equilibria/) - The following table has some acids and their conjugate bases listed. Going down the column, the acid strength decreases while the base strength increases. We can conclude from this table that a stronger acid has a weaker conjugate base and a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base. A strong acid essentially completely dissociates in
- [Weak Acid Equilibria Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/weak-acid-equilibria/weak-acid-equilibria-quiz/) - Click on the quiz to take it. 112 Created on July 22, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Weak Acid/Base Equilibria 1 / 5 What is the pH of an aqueous solution that is 0.75 M HNO2. Ka = 4.0 x 10-4 1.46 3.95 1.76 9.84 2 / 5 Which of the following is the weaker acid?
- [Quiz:  Weak Acid/Base Equilibria](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/quiz-weak-acid-base-equilibria/) - 112 Created on July 22, 2022 By Dr. O'Connor Weak Acid/Base Equilibria 1 / 5 What is the pH of an aqueous solution that is 0.75 M HNO2. Ka = 4.0 x 10-4 1.46 3.95 1.76 9.84 2 / 5 Which of the following is the weaker acid? H2O HF HCN NH4+ 3 / 5
- [Convert 365 Drops to Microliters](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/convert-365-drops-to-microliters/) - Back to Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis Back to General Chemistry 1 Videos Back to Study Guides for General Chemistry 1
- [General Chemistry 1 Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/general-chemistry-1-videos/) - Click on a topic to watch the video. Chemistry and Matter Convert 365 Drops to Microliters
- [Combustion of a Hydrocarbon Mixture](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/combustion-of-a-hydrocarbon-mixturr/) - In this video we are asked to determine the mass of carbon dioxide produced from a mixture of two hydrocarbons. Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Combustion Analysis: Empirical and Molecular Formulas](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/combustion-analysis-empirical-and-molecular-formulas/) - In this video we determine the empirical and molecular formulas of a compound that contains C, H, O from combustion analysis.
- [Mass Percent Composition of Compound](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/mass-percent-composition-of-compound/) - In this video we calculate the mass percent composition of caffeine. Back to Videos Back Home
- [Use the Rydberg Equation to Solve for n](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/use-the-rydberg-equation-to-solve-for-n/) - In this video we are told that the electron in a ground state H atom absorbs energy. We are asked which level does the electron reach? Back to Video List Back to Home Page
- [Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/periodicity-and-the-electronic-structure-of-atoms/) - In this video the following topics are discussed 1. The nature of radiant energy and the electromagnetic spectrum 2. Particle like properties of radiant energy: The photoelectric effect and Planck's Postulates 3 The interaction of Radiant Energy with Atoms: Line spectra 4. The Bohr Model of the Atom: Quantized energy 5. de Broglie Hypothesis
- [Weak Base Strong Acid Titration](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/weak-base-strong-acid-titration/) - In this video you will learn how to calculate the pH during a weak base strong acid titration. Back to Video List Back Home
- [Titration of a Weak Acid by a Strong Base](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/titration-of-a-weak-acid-by-a-strong-base/) - In this video you will learn how to calculate the titration curve for the titration of a weak acid by a strong base.
- [Strong Acid Strong Base Titration](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/strong-acid-strong-base-titration/) - In this video, we calculate the pH at various points in a titration. Before titrant is added, before the equivalence point, at the equivalence point, and after the equivalence point. This is the titration of a strong acid by a strong base.
- [Determination of HCl Concentration: Titration With NaOH](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determination-of-hcl-concentration-titration-with-naoh/) - In this video, I show how to calculate the concentration of a given volume of HCl when titrated with a given volume and concentration of NaOH. This is a problem from Chapter 4 lecture.
- [Calculate Weighted-Average Atomic Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/calculate-weighted-average-atomic-mass/) - Calculate Weighted-Average Atomic Mass In this video, we calculate the weighted-average atomic mass of an unknown element. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Calculate the pH of a Diprotic Acid Solution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-the-ph-of-a-diprotic-acid-solution/) - In this video we calculate the pH and equilibrium concentrations for a diprotic acid. The quadratic formula is used because the simplifying solution cannot be used. This video is appropriate for a second semester General Chemistry course.
- [Calculate the pH of a Buffer if Sodium Hydroxide is Added](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/calculate-the-ph-of-a-buffer-if-sodium-hydroxide-is-added/) - In this chemistry video, we determine the pH of a buffer solution when a given volume and concentration of strong base is added.
- [Calculate the pH of a Buffer Solution When a Strong Acid is Added](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/calculate-the-ph-of-a-buffer-solution-when-a-strong-acid-is-added/) - In this chemistry video, we determine the pH of a buffer solution when a given number of moles of HCl is added. We determine pKa from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
- [pH Change of a Buffer After the Addition of Base:  Buffers Part 4](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/ph-change-of-a-buffer-after-the-addition-of-base-buffers-part-4/) - In this video we are asked to calculate the change in pH after the addition of sodium hydroxide.
- [Calculate pH of a Buffer Solution After the Addition of Sodium Hydroxide:  Buffers Part 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-ph-of-a-buffer-solution-after-the-addition-of-sodium-hydroxide-buffers-part-3/) - In this video we are asked to find the pH of a buffer solution. We are then asked to find the pH after adding sodium hydroxide.
- [Determine the pH of a Buffer Using Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:  Part 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-the-ph-of-a-buffer-using-henderson-hasselbalch-equation-part-2/) - In this video we calculate the pH of a buffer using the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation. This is the same problem we solved in part 1 using and equilibrium concentration table.
- [Determine the pH of a Buffer:  Part 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-the-ph-of-a-buffer-part-1/) - In this video we determine the pH of a buffer using an equilibrium concentration table.
- [Calculate pH of after a Weak Base Reacts with a Strong Acid](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-ph-of-after-a-weak-base-reacts-with-a-strong-acid/) - Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Calculate the Base Dissociation Constant (K<sub>b</sub>for a Solution of Weak Base](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-the-base-dissociation-constant-kbfor-a-solution-of-weak-base/) - Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Calculate pH of a Solution of Formic Acid](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/calculate-ph-of-a-solution-of-formic-acid/) - Here we calculate the pH of a solution of formic acid using Ka and an ICE table. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Determine Hydroxide Ion and Hydronium Ion concentration and pH and pOH of solution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/determine-hydroxide-ion-and-hydronium-ion-concentration-and-ph-and-poh-of-solution/) - In this video we determine the hydroxide and hydronium ion concentrations when given the pH of a solution. We also determine the pH of a solution when given the hydroxide ion concentration. Back to Video List Homepage See Quiz List
- [Neutralization Reaction: Determine the molarity of a Sulfuric Acid Solution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/neutralization-reaction-determine-the-molarity-of-a-sulfuric-acid-solution/) - In this video we determine the molarity of sulfuric acid in a neutralization reaction.
- [Exercise Solutions to PV Work](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/exercise-solutions-to-pv-work/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the two oppositely charged spheres hanging from strings in the figure below: In the figure, the spheres are separated by a distance d1. The spheres are moved further apart to a distance d2. a) What is the effect on the potential energy when the spheres are moved? As the particles are
- [Exercise Solutions to Heat, Work, and Energy Conservation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/exercise-solutions-to-heat-work-and-energy-conservation/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercises 1. What is the change in internal energy, ΔE, in joules, of a system that releases 856 J of thermal energy to the surroundings and has 675 calories of work done on it? We are told that 856 J of heat are released from the system to the surroundings, therefore, q
- [Activity Series Exercise Solutions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/activity-series-exercise-solutions/) - Exercise Answers/Solutions Exercise 1. Consider the partial activity series below to answer the questions. K(s) → K+ (aq) + e- Mn(s) → Mn2+ (aq) + 2 e- Fe(s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2 e- Ag(s) → Ag+ (aq) + e- Hg(l) → Hg2+ (aq) + 2 e- a) Which metal is the weakest reducing
- [Redox Exercise Solutions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/oxidation-reduction-reactions/redox-exercise-solutions/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Determine the oxidation number of nitrogen in the following compounds: a) NO +2 b) NO2 +4 c) N2O5 +5 d) N2O4 +4 Back to Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Exercise 2. Determine the oxidation number of bromine in the following compounds and ions. a) HBrO +1 b) HBrO2 +3 c) HBrO3 +5 d) HBrO4
- [Solutions/Answers to Exercises: Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants, and Percent  Yield](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/chemical-reactions-and-mass/stoichiometry-limiting-reactants-percent-yield/7590-2/) - Solutions to Exercises for Stoichiometry, Mass and Percent Yield Check your chemical equations to make sure they are all correctly balanced. Exercise 1. Consider the following unbalanced equation: Fe2O3 (s) + C → Fe (s) + CO2 (g) a) Balance the chemical equation. 2 Fe2O3 (s) + 3 C → 4 Fe (s) + 3
- [Exercise Solutions Empirical Formulas](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/chemical-reactions-and-mass/percent-composition-empirical-molecular-formulas/exercise-solutions-empirical-formulas/) - EXERCISES Exercise 1. What is the mass percent of carbon and hydrogen in C10H22? First, calculate the molar mass of C10H22 The molar mass is: Molar mass of C10H22 = 10 x 12.011 g/mol + 22 x 1.00794 g/mol = 142.285 g/mol \(\displaystyle \%\;C\;=\;\frac{10\times\;{12.011\;g\;C}}{142.285\;g\;C_{10}H_{22}}\times\;{100}\;=\;\mathbf{84.42\%\;C}\) \(\displaystyle \%\;H\;=\;\frac{22\times\;{1.00794\;g\;H}}{142.285\;g\;C_{10}H_{22}}\times\;{100}\;=\;\mathbf{15.58\%\;H}\) We could also have calculated the %H
- [Compounds Exercise 4 Answer](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/compounds/compounds-exercise-4-answer/) - Silver oxide has the chemical formula Ag2O. It breaks down to form solid silver, Ag, and oxygen gas, O2
- [Solutions to Rate Law From Data Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/determine-rate-law-from-plot-of-the-data/solutions-to-rate-law-from-data-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. The following reaction C2H4 (g) + O3 (g) → C2H4O (g) + O2 (g) has the time-concentration data in the table below. Use the information to answer the questions. What is the order with respect to [O3]? What is the value of the rate constant? What is the half-life of O3? Plot
- [Solutions to Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/chemical-kinetics/integrated-rate-laws-and-half-life/solutions-to-integrated-rate-laws-and-half-life-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. A reaction, A + B → P, has a rate constant of 3.2 x 10-3 s-1. If the experiment begins with a concentration of A equal to 0.25 M, how long, in s, will it take for the concentration of A to decrease to 0.047 M? From the units of the rate
- [CHM 161 Videos for Worksheet 2 and Practice Set 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chm-161-videos-for-worksheet-2-and-practice-set-3/) - There are two videos on this page. The first video includes the problems that I did not work out in our last lecture -- they have been worked out in the video. The second video is the worked out solutions to Worksheet 2.
- [Acids and Bases: Aqueous Equilibria](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/) - Please click a study guide below. Bronsted-Lowry Theory Acid and Base Strengths Self-Ionization of Water pH of Solutions Weak Acid Equilibria Polyprotic Acids Weak Acids and Kb Effect of Salts on pH Lewis Acids and Bases
- [Solutions to Lewis Acids and Bases Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/solutions-to-lewis-acids-and-bases-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Identify the Lewis acid and the Lewis base in the following reaction. AlCl3 + Cl- ⇄ AlCl4- The Lewis acid is AlCl3 and the Lewis base is Cl- Back to Lewis Acids and Bases Exercise 2. Identify the Lewis acids and bases in the following equations. a) Zn2+ + 4 NH3 ⇄
- [Lewis Acids and Bases](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/lewis-acids-and-bases/) - A Bronsted-Lowry base has at least one pair of electrons in order to form a bond with a proton from a Bronsted-Lowry acid. The reactions that take place are called proton transfer reactions. Here we introduce Lewis bases and Lewis acids. A Lewis base is an electron donor while a Lewis acid is an electron
- [Effect of Salts on pH](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/effect-of-salts-on-ph/) - Salts will affect the pH of a solution. Some salts will yield neutral solutions, others will yield acidic solutions, and still other salts will yield basic solutions. Below are several rules you will need to know. Salts that Yield Neutral Solutions A salt that contains the anion of a strong acid and the cation of
- [Solutions to Weak Bases and Kb Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/weak-bases-and-kb/solutions-to-weak-bases-and-kb-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate Kb for NH3 if Ka for NH4+ is equal to 5.6 x 10-10. Ka x Kb = Kw \(\displaystyle K_b\;=\;\frac{1.0\times 10^{-14}}{5.6\times 10^{-10}}\;=\;\mathbf{1.8\times 10^{-5}}\) Back to Weak Bases and Kb Exercise 2. Write a balanced net ionic equation and the equilibrium constant expression for the weak base ethlyamine, C2H5NH2, in water. Ka
- [Weak Bases and K<sub>b</sub>](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/weak-bases-and-kb/) - Methylamine is a weak base. The hydrolysis equation is: CH3NH2 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇄ CH3NH3+ (aq) + OH- (aq) The base, CH3NH2, abstracts a proton from water. The conjugate acid is CH3NH3+. This is a basic solution because hydroxide ion is produced. The base hydrolysis constant for this reaction, Kb is: \(\displaystyle K_b\;=\;\frac{[\mathrm{CH_3NH_3^+}][\mathrm{OH^-}]}{[\mathrm{CH_3NH_2}]}\)
- [Solutions to Polyprotic Acid Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/weak-acid-equilibria/solutions-to-weak-acid-equilibria-exercises/polyprotic-acids/solutions-to-polyprotic-acid-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1.Calculate the pH of an aqueous 0.45 M selenious acid (H2SeO3) solution. Ka1 = 2.4 x 10-3, Ka2 = 4.8 x 10-9 H2SeO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ HSeO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq) \(K_{a1}=2.4\times10^{-3}\) Set up an ICE table. Assume x is neglible and 0.45 - x ≅ 0.45 M \(\displaystyle K_a\;=\;\frac{x^2}{0.45}\;=\;2.4\times 10^{-3}\) Solve for x.
- [Polyprotic Acids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/liquids/weak-acid-equilibria/solutions-to-weak-acid-equilibria-exercises/polyprotic-acids/) - An acid that contains more than one acidic hydrogen is called a polyprotic acid. Acids like HNO3, HCl, CH3COOH, etc. are called monoprotic acids because they only contain one acidic hydrogen. Other acids such as H2SO4 and H2S are diprotic acids because they contain two acidic hydrogens. A triprotic acid like H3PO4 has three acidic
- [pH of Solutions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/ph-of-solutions/) - The hydronium ion concentration tells us if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. Not only are these concentrations very small, but there is a wide range of concentrations. It is more convenient to use pH to determine if a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. The pH is defined as the negative base 10
- [Solutions to pH Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/ph-of-solutions/solutions-to-ph-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What is the hydronium ion concentration, hydroxide ion concentration, the pH, and pOH of a solution that is 0.020 M HNO3? HNO3 is a strong acid, therefore the [H3O+] concentration is 0.020 M. The [OH-] is: \(\displaystyle [OH^-]\;=\;\frac{1.0\times 10^{-14}}{0.020\;M}\;=\;\mathbf{5.00\times 10^{-13}\;M}\) The pH = -log(0.020) = 1.70 The pOH = 14.00 -
- [Bronsted-Lowry Theory](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/bronsted-lowry-theory/) - Please review acids and bases in the General Chemistry 1 Study Guides before starting this section. In a previous study guide, we mainly looked at the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases. An Arrhenius acid is defined as a substance that dissociates into water to produce hydrogen ions, H+. An Arrhenius base is a substance
- [Self-Ionization of Water](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/self-ionization-of-water/) - We saw in a previous study guide that water is amphoteric -- it can act as an acid or a base. In pure water, a molecule can donate a proton to another molecule according to the following reaction. The reaction is the dissociation of water. This is known as the self-ionization of water or in
- [Solutions to Self-Ionization of Water Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/solutions-to-self-ionization-of-water-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. A shampoo has [H3O+] = 3.2 x 10-8 M. What is the hydroxide ion concentration at 25°C? Is the shampoo acidic, neutral, or basic? \(\displaystyle [OH^-]\;=\;\frac{1.0\times 10^{-14}}{3.2\times 10^{-8}\;M}\;=\;\mathbf{3.1\times 10^{-7}\;M}\) The shampoo is basic. Back to Self-Ionization of Water Exercise 2. What are the concentrations of H3O+ and OH- in 0.16 M Ba(OH)2
- [Acid and Base Strengths](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/sample-page/acid-and-base-strengths/) - Acids can be strong or weak acids. The strong acids are: H2SO4, sulfuric acid HNO3, nitric acid HClO4, perchloric acid HClO3, Chloric acid HCl, hydrochloric acid HBr, hydrobromic acid HI, hydroiodic acid All other acids are considered weak acids. If you know the seven strong acids, you then will know all of the weak acids.
- [Solutions to Acid Strength Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/acids-and-bases-aqueous-equilibria/12906-2/) - Exercise 1. Which acid in each pair has the strongest conjugate base? a) HBr or HF HF is a weaker acid than HBr. HF has the stronger conjugate base, F-. b) HCN or HSO4- HCN is a weaker acid than HSO4. HCN has the stronger conjugate base, CN-. c) H2PO4- or HPO42- HPO42- is a
- [Solutions to Bronsted-Lowry Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/solutions-to-bronsted-lowry-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What is the conjugate base for each of the following? a) NH4+ NH3 b) HClO4 ClO- c) HSO4- SO42- d) H2O OH- Back to Bronsted-Lowry Theory Exercise 2. What is the conjugate acid for each of the following? a) HCO3- CO32- b) H2O H3O+ c) NO2- HNO3 d) CN- HCN e) CH3NH2
- [Solutions to Effusion and Diffusion Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/solutions-to-effusion-and-diffusion-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate the rms speed of N2 at 98.2°C. The molar mass of N2 = 28.0 g/mol = 0.028 kg/mol T = 98.2°C + 273.15 = 371.35 K R = 8.314 \(\frac{kg⋅m^2}{s^2⋅mol⋅K}\) \(\displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{3\times\;8.314\frac{kg⋅m^2}{s^2⋅mol⋅K}\times\;371.35\;K}{0.028\frac{kg}{mol}}}\;=\;\mathbf{5.75\times 10^2\;\frac{m}{s}}\) Back to Effusion and Diffusion Exercise 2. Uranium hexafluride, UF6, sublimes at 57°C under normal atmospheric pressure. What
- [Atomic Structure Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/atomic-structure/atomic-structure-quiz/) - 93 Created by Dr. O'Connor Atomic Structure Quiz 1 / 5 The extra nuclear region contains most of the mass of an atom. True False 2 / 5 A subatomic particle with no net charge is a(n) proton electron neutrons positron 3 / 5 The nuclear region contains protons electrons neutrons 4 / 5 The
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- [Solutions To Partial Pressure Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/solutions-to-partial-pressure-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. A gas mixture has the following composition: 65.0% CO2 25.0% H2 2.8% HF 5.4% HCl 1.7% SO2 0.1% H2S. What is the partial pressure of each of these gases if the total pressure of the gas mixture were 759 mmHg? The percentage of each gas is given. These are the mole percents.
- [Solutions to Ideal Gas Law Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/solutions-to-ideal-gas-law-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Derive the value of the gas constant, R, where the pressure is in torr and volume is in mL. The ideal gas law is PV = nRT. Solve for R. \(\displaystyle R\;=\;\frac{PV}{nT}\) At STP: P = 760 mmHg, V = 22410. mL, n = 1 mole, T = 273.15 K \(\displaystyle
- [Solutions to Gas Law Problems](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/gases-properties-and-behavior/solutions-to-gas-law-problems/) - Exercises Exercise 1. A gas has a pressure of 675 mm Hg in a volume of 455 mL. What is the pressure of the gas if the volume is changed to 250. mL? Assume a constant temperature. Which law does this follow? \(\displaystyle P_1V_1\;=\;P_2V_2\) P1 = 675 mm Hg, V1 = 455 mL =
- [Quiz: Intermolecular Forces](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/quiz_intermolecular_forces/) - 458 Created by Dr. O'Connor Intermolecular Forces Quiz 1 / 5 Which of the following would have the lowest boiling point? CH3CH2OH H2O C2H6 CH3OCH3 2 / 5 Which of the following can experience hydrogen bonding? CH2CH2OH CH2F2 CH3CHO PH3 3 / 5 Which of the following only has London Dispersion forces of attraction? C6H6
- [Solutions to IMF Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/solutions-to-imf-exercises/) - Answers/Solutions to Exercises Exercises Exercise 1. Indicate the intermolecular forces experienced by each of the following molecules. a) PCl3 This is a polar molecule. It experiences both London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces of attraction. b) PCl5 This is a non polar molecule. It only experiences London dispersion forces. c) C4H10 This is a nonpolar
- [Solutions to Polarity Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/bonding-models-for-covalent-compounds/solutions-to-polarity-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Indicate if SiCl4 and SCl4 are polar or nonpolar. First draw the Lewis structures. The shape of SiCl4 is tetrahedral. There are 4 bonds, all identical, with zero lone pairs on Si. This molecule is nonpolar. The electron pair geometry of SCl4 is trigonal bipyramidal, but there are 4 bonds and one
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- [Solutions to Titration Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/solutions-to-titration-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. A 50.00 mL aqueous HCl solution is titrated with NaOH. It takes 37.62 mL of 0.254 M NaOH to reach the endpoint. What is the concentration of HCl? The balanced chemical equation is: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) \(\displaystyle moles\;NaOH\;=\;0.03762\;L\;\times\;0.254\;M\;=\;\mathbf{0.00956\;mol\;NaOH}\) There is a
- [Solutions to Lewis Structure Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/10942-2/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Draw a Lewis structure for water, H2O. Exercise 2. Draw a Lewis structure for acetic acid, CH3COOH. Exercise 3. Draw a Lewis structure for PCl3 Exercise 4. Draw a Lewis structure for OF2 Exercise 5. Draw a Lewis structure for H3O+ Back to Lewis Structures
- [Solutions to Ionization Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/solutions-to-ionization-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Arrange the following elements in order of increasing ionization energy: Ar, Al, Na, Cl. Na < Al < Cl < Ar Back to Ionization Energy Exercise 2. Phosphorus has a first ionization energy of 1011.8 kJ/mol and sulfur's first ionization energy is 999.6 kJ/mol. Both P and S are in
- [Solutions to Ion Configurations Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/solutions-to-ion-configurations-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Write electron configurations for the following ions. a) Sr+2 [Kr] b) Br- [Kr] c) Al+3 [Ne] d) P3- [Ar] Exercise 2. Write an electron configuration for the following ions: a) Zr2+ [Kr]4d2 b) Sn4+ [Xe] c) Cr6+ [Ar] Exercise 3. Write an electron configuration for an ion formed from Se.
- [Solutions to Formal Charge Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/solutions-to-formal-charge-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. What are the formal charges on the oxygen and chlorine in the following structure? The Cl atom has a formal charge of 0. The oxygen atom has a formal charge of -1. Exercise 2. Use formal charges to determine the best Lewis structure for carbon monoxide, CO. Exercise 3. Draw
- [Solutions To Exercises Quantum Numbers](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/10154-2/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Assign 4 quantum numbers to each of the following electrons. a) a 3s electron n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 or -1/2 b) a 4d electron n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2, ms = +1/2 or
- [Solutions to Exercises Particle Properties](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/solutions-to-exercises-particle-properties/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. An X-ray has a wavelength of 2.64 nm. What is the energy of one photon? 2.64 nm = 2.64 x 10-9 m \(\displaystyle E\;=\;\frac{hc}{\lambda}\;=\;=\frac{(6.626\times 10^{-34}J⋅s)\times (2.998\times 10^8\;m/s)}{2.64\times 10^{-9}\;m}\;=\;\mathbf{7.52\times 10^{-17}\;J}\) Back to Particle Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation Exercise 2. What is the energy of the following photons in kJ/mol? a) ν
- [Solutions to Exercises Hess's Law](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/solutions-to-exercises-hesss-law/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the following reaction: 2 KClO3 (s) → 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g) ΔH = -89.3 kJ (1) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? exothermic (2) Calculate ΔH, in kJ, for the production of 2.68 g of KCl. \(\displaystyle 2.68\;g\times\frac{1\;mol}{74.55\;g}\times\frac{-89.3\;kJ}{2\;mol}\;=\;\mathbf{-1.61\;kJ}\) Calculate ΔH, in kJ, for
- [Solutions to Exercises Heisenberg Principle](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/solutions-to-exercises-heisenberg-principle/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate the uncertainty in the position of a proton moving at a speed of (2.80 ± 0.01) x 104 m/s. The uncertainty in the speed is 0.01 x (2.80 x 104 m/s) = 2.80 x 102 m/s. The mass of a proton, in kg, is 1.67 x 10-27 kg. \(\displaystyle
- [Solutions to Exercises De Broglie](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/solutions-to-exercises-de-broglie/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 What is the wavelength, in meters, of an electron (mass = 9.11 x 10-31 kg) that is accelerated to 4.5% the speed of light, c? First, determine the speed, ν: ν = 0.045 x (2.998 x 108 m/s) = 1.35 x 107 m/s 1 J = kg⋅m2/s2 \(\displaystyle \lambda\;=\;\frac{6.626\times\;10^{-34}\;\frac{kg⋅m^2}{s^2}⋅s}{9.11\times\;10^{-31}kg\times\;(1.35\times\;10^7\;m/s)}\;=\;\mathbf{5.39\times\;10^{-11}\;m}\) Exercise
- [Solutions to Electronegativity Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/covalent-bonds-and-lewis-dot-structures/solutions-to-electronegativity-exercises/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Use periodic trends to order the following elements from smallest to largest electronegativity. I, Rb, Te, and Sb Back to Electronegativity and Polarity Rb < Sb < Te < I Exercise 2. Classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. H-Br: EN difference = 2.8 - 2.1
- [Solutions to Electron Configuration Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/solutions-to-electron-configuration-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Draw an orbital box diagram for the electrons in a neutral Br atom. Assign quantum numbers to the electrons in the valence shell. Quantum numbers for the valence shell electrons; n = 4, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 n = 4, l = 0, ml =
- [Solutions to Electron Affinity Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/solutions-to-electron-affinity-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Explain why the electron affinity for nitrogen is zero when compared to C and O. Electron configurations; C: 1s22s22p2 N: 1s22s22p3 O: 1s22s22p4 Carbon has 2 electrons in the 2p subshell and can accommodate another electron. Nitrogen has a half filled 2p subshell. Adding an electron would result in electron
- [Solutions to Bond Energy Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/solutions-to-bond-energy-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Use the bond energies from the table to calculate an approximate ΔH0rxn for the following equation: 2 NH3 (g) + Cl2 (g) → N2H4 (g) + 2 HCl (g) Draw structures of the reactants and products. Look up the average bond dissociation energies for N--H, Cl--Cl, N--N, H--Cl, and N--H.
- [Solutions Lattice Energy Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/periodic-trends-and-ionic-compounds/solutions-lattice-energy-exercises/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Consider the following Born-Haber cycle for MgF2. What is the lattice energy for MgF2? The lattice energy is the reverse of Step 6. MgF2 (s) → Mg2+ (g) + 2 F- (g) The lattice energy is +2957 kJ. Exercise 2. Order the following ionic compounds from lowest to highest lattice
- [Solutions Exercises Calorimetry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/9185-2/) - Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1. Calculate q, if 55.26 g of water at 85.0 °C is cooled to 22.53°C? What is the sign of q? Cwater = 4.184 J/(g⋅K) q = m x C x ΔT and ΔT = 22.53°C - 85.0°C = -62.5°C \(q\;=\;55.26\;g\;\times\;4.184\frac{J}{g⋅K}\times\;-62.5°K\;=\;\mathbf{-14450\;J\;=\;-14.5\;kJ}\) Back to Calorimetry Exercise 2. An unknown metal has a
- [Exercises 1 and 2 Naming Binary Compounds Answers](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/naming-binary-covalent-compounds/exercises-1-and-2-naming-binary-compounds-answers/) - 1. Write a chemical formula for each the following: a) dinitrogen pentoxide b) iodine tetrachloride c) sulfur hexafluoride Answers to Exercise 1 a) N2O5 b) ICl4 c) SF6 2. Name the following: a) CS2 b) C8H20 c) P2O5 Answers to Exercise 2 a) carbon disulfide b) octane c) diphosphorus pentoxide Back to Naming Binary Compounds
- [Exercise Solutions Volumetric Stoichiometry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/exercise-solutions-volumetric-stoichiometry/) - Exercises Exercise 1. What mass of NaCl is needed to precipitate Ag+ ions from 25.00 mL of 0.250 M AgNO3 solution? First, write a balanced chemical equation. NaCl (aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) Calculate the number of moles of Ag+ ion. From the equation stoichiometry there is a 1:1 mole ratio
- [Exercise Solutions to Introduction to Spontanaety](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/exercise-solutions-to-introduction-to-spontanaety/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Indicate if entropy is positive or negative for the following: a) sublimation; positive b) condensation; negative c) melting; positive Exercise 2. Indicate if entropy is increasing or decreasing in the following: a) 2 NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g); increasing b) C2H4 (g) + Cl2 (g) →
- [Exercise Solutions to Electrolytes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/exercise-solutions-to-electrolytes/) - Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1. Is hydrofluoric acid, HF, a strong, weak, or nonelectrolyte? HF is a weak acid and only partially ionizes. It is a weak electrolyte. Back to Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes Exercise 2. Indicate each of the following as a nonelectrolyte, weak electrolyte or strong electrolyte. a) FeCl3 This is a soluble ionic
- [Exercise Solutions Neutralization](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/reaction-in-aqueous-solution/neutralization-reactions-acids-and-bases/exercise-solutions-neutralization/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Write a balanced ionic and net ionic equation when aqueous perchloric acid is neutralized by aqueous potassium hydroxide. Perchloric acid, HClO4 is a strong acid and will completely dissociate. The molecular equation is: HClO4 (aq) + KOH (aq) → KClO4- (aq) + H2O (l) The ionic equation is: H3O+ (aq) + ClO4-
- [Exercise Solutions for Electromagnetic Spectrum](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/electronic-structure-of-atoms/exercise-solutions-for-electromagnetic-spectrum/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. An FM radio station broadcasts on a frequency of 96.8 MHz. What is the wavelength of these radio waves in meters? 96.8 MHz = 9.68 x 107 Hz 1 Hz = 1 s-1 \(\displaystyle \lambda\;=\;\frac{2.998\times\;10^8\;m/s}{9.68\times\;10^7\;s^{-1}}\;=\;\mathbf{3.10\;m}\) Exercise 2. A neon laser emits light at a wavelength of 625 nm. What is
- [Exercise Solutions Enthalpies](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/thermochemistry/exercise-solutions-enthalpies/) - Solutions/Answers to Exercises Exercise 1. Write a formation reaction for K2CrO4 (s). 2 K (s) + Cr (s) + 2 O2 (g) → K2CrO4 (s) Exercise 2. What is the value of ΔHof for LiOH (s)? Write a formation equation for LiOH (s). ΔHof = -487.5 kJ/mol Li (s) + 1/2 O2 (g) + 1/2
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- [Enantiomeric Excess](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/enantiomeric-excess/) - In this video we calculate the enantiomeric excess and amounts of each enantiomer in a mixture.
- [Exercise Solutions Balancing Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/chemical-reactions-and-mass/exercise-solutions-balancing-equations/) - Exercises Exercise 1. Balance the following chemical equations. a) Mg + HNO3 → H2 + Mg(NO3)2 Mg + 2 HNO3 → H2 + Mg(NO3)2 b) P4O10 + H2O → H3PO4 P4O10 + 6 H2O → 4 H3PO4 c) C6H14 + O2 → CO2 + H2O For this problem, balance the carbons and hydrogens
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- [Energy Exercise 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/energy-a-derived-unit/energy-exercise-2/) - 2. Convert 686 J to calories. Convert 686 J to Calories. ANSWERS: 164 calories and 0.164 Calories SOLUTION: \(\displaystyle\require{cancel}686\;\cancel{J}\times\frac{1\;cal}{4.184\;\cancel{J}}\;=\;\mathbf{164\;cal}\) The second part of the question asks to convert 686 J to kcal. Recall, one Calorie is equivalent to one kcal. In part 1, we determined that 686 J = 164 cal. This is equivalent to
- [Study Guides for General Chemistry 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guides-for-general-chemistry-2/) - Please click on a study guide to view material. I. Properties of Liquids
- [Conversion Factors Dimensional Analysis Exercise 5](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis-exercise-5/) - 5. An oxygen atom has a diameter of 1.2 x 10-10 m. What is the volume, in liters, of 6.46 x 1024 oxygen atoms? The volume of a sphere is (4⁄3)πr3. ANSWER: 0.0058 L or 5.8 x 10-3 L SOLUTION: In this problem, we are asked the volume, in L, of 6.46 x 1024 oxygen
- [Conversion Factors Dimensional Analysis Exercise 4](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis-exercise-4/) - Exercise 4. Convert 268 gallons to kL. ANSWER:1.01 kL SOLUTION: Given: 268 gallons Desired: kL Here, we convert 268 gallons to kL. Like most of these problems, there are hundreds of different ways to do these. Here we can convert from gallons to liters. We can then convert liters to kL.The roadmap might look like
- [Conversion Factors Dimensional Analysis Exercise 3 Answer](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis-exercise-3-answer/) - 3. How many seconds are in 2.68 years? ANSWER:8.45 x 107 s SOLUTION: Given: 2.68 years' Desired: seconds (s) We need to go from years to seconds. We can go from years to days, from days to hours, and from hours to seconds. Your roadmap will most likely look very different. My roadmap looks like
- [Conversion Factors Dimensional Analysis Exercise 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis/conversion-factors-dimensional-analysis-exercise-2/) - 2. One side of a metal cube measures 2.69 inches. What is the volume of the cube in cm3 ? ANSWER: 3.20 x 102 cm3 SOLUTION Given: 2.69 inches Desired: cm3 As with any problem, there are several ways to solve this one. The obvious way is to convert 2.69 inches to cm and then
- [Density Exercise 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/density-derived-unit/density-exercise-3/) - 3. Calculate the density of the metal bar in g/cm3. ANSWER: WORKED OUT SOLUTION: We are asked to calculate the density of the metal. We are given a mass of 156.4 g. The volume can be calculated from the length, width, and thickness of the metal bar. We are asked to calculate the density in
- [Exercise Solutions Atomic Mass](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/atomic-structure/exercise-solutions-atomic-mass/) - Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of \( ^{15}_{7}X \)? What is the identity of the element X? Element X has 7 protons, 7 electrons, and 15 - 7 = 8 neutrons. The atomic number is 7, and this corresponds to nitrogen. Exercise 2. How many
- [Balancing Chemical Equations](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/tutorials/balancing-chemical-equations/) - A tutorial on how to balance a chemical equation.
- [Exercise Solutions Nomenclature of Acids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/nomenclature-of-acids/exercise-solutions-nomenclature-of-acids/) - Solutions to Exercises Exercise 1. Name the following acids. 1. H2SO3; sulfurous acid 2. H2Te; hydrotelluric acid 3. H2CrO4; chromic acid 4. HClO2; chlorous acid 5. CH3COOH; acetic acid Exercise 2. Write chemical formulas for the following acids. 1. perbromic acid; HBrO4 2. hydrosulfuric acid; H2S 3. hydroiodic acid; HI 4. chlorous acid; HClO2 5.
- [Naming Simple Ionic Compounds Exercises](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/nomenclature/naming-simple-ionic-compounds/simple-binary-compounds-exercise-answer/) - Exercises: Answer Key Exercise 1. Name the following: a) Na2S: sodium sulfide b) MgO: magnesium oxide c) Fe2O3: iron(III) oxide d) Al2S3: aluminum sulfide e) CaCl2: calcium chloride f) (NH4)3N: ammonium nitride Exercise 2. Write the chemical formulas for the following: a) aluminum phosphide: AlP b) cesium chloride: CsCl c) barium nitride: Ba3N2 d) potassium
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- [Lecture Problems 2/12/21](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/lecture-problems-2-12-21/) - These are the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression problems from today's lecture. It turns out the molality was calculated correctly by the student in class. Therefore, the first problem we did in the lecture (BP elevation and FP depression) was correctly calculated.
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- [Lecture End of Chapter 3](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/lecture-end-of-chapter-3/) - In this video I show how to write electron configurations, orbital box diagrams, assign quantum numbers to electrons, discuss core and valence electrons, and trends in atomic size. Back to Videos Back to Home Page
- [Energy Exercise 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/energy-a-derived-unit/energy-exercise-1/) - Exercise 1. A medium size glazed donut contains 255 Calories. How many kJ does this donut contain? How many hours could the energy in the donut light a 100 watt lightbulb? (1 watt = 1 J/s) ANSWER: Solution: We know that 255 Calories is equal to 255 kcal and that 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ.
- [Density Exercise 4](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/density-derived-unit/density-exercise-4/) - 4. Iron melts at 1,538 oC at which point its density is 6.98 g/cm3. At that temperature what would be the volume, in cubic centimeters, of 2.86 kg of liquid iron? ANSWER: 409 cm3 SOLUTION: First we convert kg to g. 2.86 kg = 2860 g \(\displaystyle density\;=\;\frac{mass}{volume}\) We rearrange to solve for volume \(\displaystyle
- [Density Exercise 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/density-derived-unit/density-exercise-2/) - 2. Fill in the following table. Use the density table above to identify the substances. ANSWERS ARE SHOWN IN GREEN in TABLE WORKED OUT SOLUTION: The first line of the table has been filled out. In the second line we are given a mass of 57.4 g and a volume of 6.84 cm3. We need
- [Density Exercise 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/density-derived-unit/density-exercise-1/) - 1. A student needs 5.85 g of liquid ethanol for an experiment. Ethanol has a density of 0.789 g/mL. What volume, in mL, will the student measure? ANSWER: 7.41 mL Worked Out Solution: We are given the mass, in g, of the ethanol and the density. We know that d = m/V. Solving for volume,
- [Exercise 3: Temperature Measurements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/temperature-measurements/exercise-3-temperature-measurements/) - 3. The temperature of a gas was measured as 234.5 K. What is this temperature in oC and oF? ANSWER: -38.6oC and -37.5oF Solution to Exercise 3: Temperature Measurements First convert from K to oC:\(K\;=\;^oC\;+\;273.15\;\;and\;\;^oC\;=\;K\;-\;273.15\;=\;234.5\;K\;-\;273.15\;=\;\mathbf{-38.6\;^oC}\) Next, convert -38.6oC to oF. \(^oF\;=\;1.8\;^oC\;+\;32\;=\;-38.6\;^oC\;+\;32\;=\;\mathbf{-37.5\;^oF}\) Go Back to Temperature Measurements Back to Study Guide List for General
- [General Chemistry Symposium 2013](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-symposium/) - The 2013 General Chemistry Symposium will be held at Cleveland State University on March 14-15.
- [My Remote Blackboard File Setup](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/faculty-videos/my-remote-blackboard-file-setup/) - In this video I show you how my Blackboard courses are organized. I also have some suggestions for making sure students are attending the online lectures. In the video I show you how attendance is taken using both Blackboard Collaborate and Learning Catalytics. I will post an additional video on Learning Catalytics in the near future.
- [Faculty Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/faculty-videos/) - These are videos that cover Blackboard, online exams, Blackboard Collaborate, etc. Remote Teaching: Blackboard Organization Remote Teaching: Creating Online Assessments Remote Teaching: Blackboard Collaborate for the Synchronous Classroom
- [Creating  Online Assessments for Blackboard Learn](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/faculty-videos/creating-online-assessments-for-blackboard-learn/) - In this video I show how to create an online assessment. I show 3 ways to do this including calculated formula problems and question sets. We also cover how to upload and employ an assessment in Blackboard Learn. Use of calculated formula and question sets ensure that each student will receive a different exam. This combined with time limits will decrease cheating on assessments.
- [How to Navigate Blackboard Collaborate Ultra:  A Guide for Students](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/how-to-navigate-blackboard-collaborate-ultra-a-guide-for-students/) - In this video, the student is shown how to access Blackboard Collaborate Ultra. In addition, the student is shown how to access lecture and lab recordings.
- [Reaction Mechanism Tutuorial](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/tutorials/reaction-mechanism-tutuorial/) - This tutorial is on how to determine if a reaction mechanism is plausible. Here we examine the three criteria for the plausible mechanism. This tutorial is appropriate for a second semester general chemistry course.
- [Registration for 2019 Chemistry Olympiad, ACS Cleveland Section](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/registration-for-2019-chemistry-olympiad-acs-cleveland-section/) - Notice: JavaScript is required for this content. No Fields Found.
- [Exercise 1 Scientific Notation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/scientific-notation/exercise-1-scientific-notation/) - 1. Express the following in scientific notation a) a mass of 45,000 pounds Answer: 4.5 x 104pounds b) the diameter of a chloride atom (0.000000000145 m) Answer: 1.45 x 10-10m c) the distance from the Earth to Mars (78,340,000 km) Answer: 7.834 x 107km Go to Next Exercise Go Back to Scientific Notation Go Back
- [Compounds Exercise 3 Answer](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/compounds/compounds-exercise-3-answer/) - Phenylanaline is an amino acid that has the chemical formula C9H11N2O2. Name the elements in phenylalanine. What is the total number of atoms in the formula for phenylalanine?
- [Compounds Exercise 2 Answer](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/compounds/compounds-exercise-2-answer/) - Write the chemical formula for propanol, which has 3 carbons, 7 hydrogens, and 1 oxygen. ANSWER: The chemical formula is C3H7O Another way to write the formula is CH3CH2CH2OH Go to Next Exercise Back to Compounds Back to Study Guide List for General Chemistry 1
- [Compounds Exercise 1 Answer](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/compounds/exercise-1-for-compounds/) - Write the chemical formula for ibuprofen, which has 13 carbon atoms, 18 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygens.
- [Preparatory Chemistry Problem Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparatory-chemistry-problem-videos/) - These videos show how to solve example problems for both Preparatory Chemistry and General Chemistry. Most of the problems cover some basic fundamentals in chemistry. Click on a video to watch. Videos are sorted by topic.
- [Determine the State of a Substance at a Given Temperature From BP and MP](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparatory-chemistry-problem-videos/determine-the-state-of-a-substance-at-a-given-temperature-from-bp-and-mp/) - In this video we determine the state of a substance when given its melting point and boiling point. This corresponds to Example 1.4 in our book, Preparatory Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Jerry Mundell and Anne O'Connor, 7th ed., Van-Griner Publishing, 2017.
- [Phase Changes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparatory-chemistry-problem-videos/phase-changes/) - In this video we describe the transformation when a substance is converted from a gas to a liquid. This corresponds to Example 1.3 in our book, Preparatory Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Jerry Mundell and Anne O'Connor, 7th ed., Van-Griner Publishing, 2017.
- [Describe Solids, Liquids, and Solids](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparatory-chemistry-problem-videos/describe-solids-liquids-and-solids/) - In this video we describe liquids, solids, and gases in terms of volume, shape, organization and closeness of particles. This corresponds to Example 1.2 in our book, Preparatory Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Jerry Mundell and Anne O'Connor, 7th ed., Van-Griner Publishing, 2017.
- [Distinguish Between Physical and Chemical Properties](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparatory-chemistry-problem-videos/5276-2/) - In this video we show how to distinguish between chemical and physical properties. This corresponds to Example 1.1 in our book, Preparatory Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Jerry Mundell and Anne O'Connor, 7th ed., Van-Griner Publishing, 2017.
- [Valence Electron Configuration When Atoms Gain One or More Electrons](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/preparatory-chemistry-problem-videos/valence-electron-configuration-when-atoms-gain-one-or-more-electrons/) - In this video we are asked to write the electron configuration for atoms that gain one or more electrons. Back to Preparatory Chemistry Video List
- [Periodic Table Design Exercises 1 through 4](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/atoms-ions-and-molecules/the-periodic-table-and-its-design/periodic-table-design-exercises-1-through-4/) - 1. Find and identify the element in period 5, group 4A. Is this a metal, nonmetal, or a metalloid? ANSWER: The element is Sn (Tin) 2. Answer the following question for the elements scandium through zinc. a) Are they metals, nonmetals, or metalloids? ANSWER: Metals b) Are they considered main group elements, transition elements, or
- [Organic Chemistry Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/organic-chemistry-videos/) - Click on a topic of organic chemistry that you are interested in, and you will be taken to the video links for that topic. These organic chemistry videos cover material from Organic 1 and Organic 2 chemistry.
- [Temperature Measurements:  Exercise 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/temperature-measurements/temperature-measurements-exercise-1/) - 1. To calculate the volume of a gas, the temperature must be in Kelvin units. The temperature of a gas was measured at 74.6oC. What is this temperature in Kelvin? ANSWER: 347.8 K Solution to Exercise 1 Temperature Measurements: Here we are asked to convert from 74.6oC to K. We know that K = oC
- [Exercise 2 Scientific Notation](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/scientific-notation/exercise-2-scientific-notation/) - 2. Convert the following to standard notation a) 6.7200 x 108m Answer: 672000000 Here the exponent is positive. The decimal point was moved 8 times to the left. b) 4.6800 x 10-4L Answer: 0.00046800 Here we have a negative exponent. The decimal point was moved to the right 4 times. Go Back to Scientific Notation
- [Exercise 1 Answer for Measurement](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/study-guide-general-chemistry-1/matter-and-measurement-in-chemistry/measurement-metric-system-si-units/exercise-1-answer-for-measurement/) - Exercise 1. Convert 0.0043 mg to g. Answer: 0.0000043 g or in scientific notation 4.3 x 10-6 g Solution There are 1000 mg in 1 g The two conversion factors are: \(\frac{1000mg}{1g}\qquad or \qquad \frac{1g}{1000 mg}\) We use the conversion factor that will cancel out mg so that we are left with g. \(\require{cancel}0.0043 \cancel{mg}\times\frac{1g}{1000\cancel{mg}}\;=\;0.0000043\;g\;=
- [Significant Figures Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/significant-figures-quiz/) - Test your understanding of significant figures. The quiz has 6 questions. There are 5 multiple choice questions and one fill in the blank. You can review your results once the quiz is taken.
- [Quiz Nomenclature of Binary Ionic Compounds](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-nomenclature-of-binary-ionic-compounds/) - Back to Quiz List Click the "Start Quiz" button in the lower right corner to proceed with the quiz. Make sure your spelling is correct for the fill in the blank questions. Click the "Submit"button after answering a question. Back to Quiz List
- [Nomenclature of Polyatomic Ions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/nomenclature-of-polyatomic-ions/) - An interactive quiz on polyatomic ion nomenclature. The questions include multiple choice, fill in the blank and matching.
- [2016 Annual Chemistry Teaching Symposium and Education Exhibition](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/2015-annual-chemistry-teaching-symposium-and-education-exhibition/) - March 17 and 18 Symposium Schedule Location of Parking Garage, Mather Mansion, and Campus Map Keynote Speakers About the 2016 Symposium Symposium Schedule Location of Parking Garage, Mather Mansion, and Campus Map The Chemistry Teaching Symposium at Cleveland State University offers an informal and relaxed forum for the teachers from both large lecture halls and
- [Exam 2 SP 2016 General Chemistry 2](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/exam-2-sp-2016-general-chemistry-2/)
- [Tutorials Chemistry](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/tutorials/) - Balancing a Chemical Equation Stoichiometry Problem Determine Rate Law From Proposed Reaction Mechanism Click a link below to navigate back home or to videos and quizzes Video List Quiz List Back to Home Page
- [Schedule of Events](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/schedule-of-events/) - Thursday, March 17
- [Chemistry Teaching Symposium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/) - 2016 Chemistry Teaching Symposium and Education Exhibit Register for the 2016 Symposium Here Chemistry Symposium Past Events Chemistry Teaching Symposium 2015 General Chemistry Teaching Symposium 2014 General Chemistry Teaching Symposium 2013 Symposium Newsletter 2012 Please Contact Jerry Mundell at j.mundell@csuohio.edu for Comments, Suggestions, or Information about the 2016 CSU Chemistry Teaching Symposium.
- [Campus Map, Parking, and Mather Mansion](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/campus-map-parking-and-mather-mansion/) - Please see campus map below the video or you can download a pdf file of the campus map here. Parking will be available in the East parking garage. Mather Mansion is located in front of the garage. You can access both the garage or Mather Mansion from Euclid or Chester Avenue (between E.24th and E.30th.
- [General Chemistry 1  Lecture Videos](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/) - These links are to lectures from Dr. Jerry Mundell's General Chemistry 1 course. Lectures will be added daily. Click on a title to view Dr. Mundell's lecture.
- [2016 Chemistry Teaching Symposium and Teaching Exhibition Registration Form](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/2015-annual-chemistry-teaching-symposium-and-education-exhibition/2016-chemistry-teaching-symposium-and-teaching-exhibition-registration-form/) - Register for the symposium here. Once you submit the registration form, you will be redirected to ShopNet to submit your payment.
- [Precipitation Reactions, Solubility Rules, and Acid-Base Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/precipitation-reactions-solubility-rules-and-acid-base-reactions/) - Dr. Mundell's lectuer on precipitation reactions and the solubility rules. An introduction to acid-base reactions. The video was recorded on 9/29/2015. The video has not been edited.
- [Dilution and Precipitation Reactions General Chemistry 1 Lecture](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/dilution-and-precipitation-reactions-general-chemistry-1-lecture/) - Dr. Mundell's lecture on dilution and an introduction to precipitation reactions and the solubility rules. This lecture was recorded on 9/27/2015. The video is unedited.
- [Aqueous Ionic and Covalent Compounds, and Molarity Lecture Video General Chemistry 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos-relative-mass-atomic-number-isotopes/aqueous-ionic-and-covalent-compounds-and-molarity-lecture-video-general-chemistry-1/) - Dr. Mundell lectures on aqueous solutions of ionic and covalent compounds. Molarity is also introduced. The lecture was recorded on 9/24/2015. The video is unedited.
- [Stoichiometry and Limiting Reactants General Chemistry 1 Lecture Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/stoichiometry-and-limiting-reactants-general-chemistry-1-lecture-video/) - Dr. Mundell lectures on stoichiometry and limiting reactants. The lecture was recorded on 9/20/2015. The video is unedited.
- [Chemical Reaction Calculations Including Percent Yield and Limiting Reactant Lecture Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/chemical-reaction-calculations-including-percent-yield-and-limiting-reactant-lecture-video/) - Dr. Mundell's lecture on Reaction Calculations Including Percent Yield and Limiting Reactant. This is a live lecture recorded on 9/17/2015. You might want to skip the first few minutes of some of the videos. Dr. Mundell usually makes announcements that pertain to his class and would be of no interest to someone viewing the video.
- [The Mole, Related Calcuations, and Balanced Chemical Equations Lecture Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/the-mole-related-calcuations-and-balanced-chemical-equations-lecture-video/) - Dr. Mundell's lecture video on The Mole, Related Calculations, and Balanced Chemical Equations. The video is unedited.
- [Review of Ionic Compounds Lecture Video General Chemistry 1](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/review-of-ionic-compounds-lecture-video-general-chemistry-1/) - Lecture on Ionic Compounds General Chemistry 1. Dr. Mundell reviews ionic compounds in his lecture. The video has not been edited. This is a live lecture recorded on 9/10/2015.
- [General Chemistry 1 Lecture Video: Acid-base Reactions](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-video-acid-base-reactions/) - Dr. Mundell's lecture on acid-base reactions. It was recorded in his lecture hall on October 2, 2015. The video has not been edited.
- [Nomenclature General Chemistry 1 Lecture Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos/nomenclature-general-chemistry-1-lecture-video/) - Lecture on Nomenclature for General Chemistry 1. Dr. Mundell lectures on how to name ionic compounds, acids, and binary covalent compounds. The video has not been edited. This is a live lecture recorded on 9/8/2015.
- [General Chemistry 1 Lecture Video: Relative Mass, Atomic Number, Isotopes](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/general-chemistry-1-lecture-videos-relative-mass-atomic-number-isotopes/) - Dr. Mundell's lecture on relative mass, atomic number, and isotopes recorded in class on 9/3/2015.
- [REEL Chemistry at CSU](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/reel-chemistry-at-csu/) - Are You Tired of the Traditional Laboratory Courses? ENROLL IN A REEL LAB Research Experiences to Enhance Learning CHM 278 REEL and CHM 338 REEL Fall 2015 Tuesdays or Thursdays Additional time slots will be available CHM 278 (REEL) and CHM 338 (REEL) are being offered in Fall 2015 to General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry
- [REEL Chemistry at CSU Video](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/reel-chemistry/reel-chemistry-at-csu-2/) - In this video, we see students at work in the REEL lab. Dr. O'Connor has been teaching the REEL labs for over eight years. Rather than take a traditional lab, students work on their own research projects in the REEL lab.
- [Chemistry Teaching Symposium 2014](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/general-chemistry-teaching-symposium-2014/) - The General Chemistry Teaching Symposium was held on March 13-15 2014 at Cleveland State University. Please click on a link below to see Abstracts of the presentations/posters, the Event Schedule, and the Photo Gallery. Symposium Abstracts Symposium Schedule of Events Photo Gallery Information on 2015 Symposium Abstracts Jason S. Overby Atoms First and Adaptive Learning:
- [Chemistry Teaching Symposium 2015](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-teaching-symposium-2015/) - The Chemistry Teaching Symposium was held at Cleveland State University on March 12 and 13. Please click on a link below to see the Abstracts, Schedule of Events, and Photo Gallery.
- [Submission Successful](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/submission-successful/) - Thank you for Registering. We look forward to seeing you at the chemistry olympiad
- [Polyprotic Acids pH](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/polyprotic-acids-ph/) - Calculate the pH of a solution that contains a polyprotic acid. Phosphoric Acid. Sulfuric Acid
- [Electrode Potential, Spontaneity, and Equilibrium](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/electrode-potential-spontaneity-and-equilibrium/) - The following video covers the relationship between electrode potential, spontaniety, and equilibrium. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Electrochemistry:  Nernst Equation, Concentration Cells, Battteries, Corrosion](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/nernst-equation-concentration-cells-battteries-corrosion/) - In the following video, I cover the Nernst Equation which relates standard cell potential to nonstandard conditions. Concentration cells, Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Corrosion. Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [Electrochemistry:  Voltaic Cells and Standard Electrode Potentials](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/electrochemistry-voltaic-cells-and-standard-electrode-potentials/) - In this video, the voltaic cell is introduced. Standard reduction potentials are used to determine cell potential. Example problems are worked out in detail.
- [Electrochemistry:  Review Oxidation/Reduction](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/electrochemistry/) - This video includes a review on oxidation reduction, redox reactions, and how to balance a redox equation.
- [Electron Configuration of Main Group Elements](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/electron-configuration-of-main-group-elements/) - Interactive Quiz on electron configuration of main group elements. The quiz also covers valence electrons and the number electrons that can reside in each principle energy level (shells).
- [Chemistry Labs ](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-labs/) - Listed below are several lab activities that teachers can use in the classroom. Many schools do not have the resources to offer chemistry labs with their courses. These labs use everyday household chemicals and materials and expense is minimal. These labs are appropriate for elementary, middle school, and basic high school science courses and can
- [Coke Geysers](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/world-of-chemistry/coke-geysers/) - Here we explain how a coke geyser works. We discuss the fact that this is a physical process taking place.
- [Events](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/) - General Chemistry Symposium Chemistry Olympiad If you have comments or questions please EMAIL US or Leave a Reply Below
- [World of Chemistry ](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/world-of-chemistry/) - Here we explain everyday chemistry such as cooking, wine making, cosmetics, paints, etc.
- [Stoichiometry Problem Tutorial](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/stoichiometry-problem-tutorial/) - Here we show how to set up mole ratios and a roadmap to solve stoichiometry problems. The first step is to make sure you have a balanced chemical equation.
- [Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs Self Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/conjugate-acid-base-pairs-self-quiz/) - Back to Quiz List Before starting the quiz you might want to review the video Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs Click the “Start Quiz” button in the lower right corner to proceed with the quiz. Make sure your spelling is correct for the fill in the blank questions. Click the “Submit”button after answering a question. Back to
- [Balancing Chemical Equations Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/balancing-chemical-equations-quiz/) - A practice quiz on balancing chemical equations. At the end of the quiz you will be presented with your score as well as the opportunity to review your answers.
- [Epoxides: Nucleophilic Substitution](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/epoxides-nucleophilic-substitution/)
- [Quiz Simple pH Problems (pH, pOH, Hydroxide and Hydronium Ion Concentrations, Kw)](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/quiz-simple-ph-problems-ph-poh-hydroxide-and-hydronium-ion-concentrations-kw/) - Before taking the quiz you might want to watch our video on Determination of pH, pOH, hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations Back to Quiz List See Video List Back to Homepage
- [Summary Section 3.1 and Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/summary-section-3-1-and-quiz/) - Back to Quizzes See Video List Back to Home Back to Quizzes
- [Chemistry Olympiad ](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-olympiad/) - 2013 Chemistry Olympiad Information. Registration form for ACS Cleveland Chemistry Olympiad.
- [Nomenclature of Binary Molecular Compounds Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/chemistry-quizzes/nomenclature-of-binary-molecular-compounds-quiz/) - An interactive quiz on nomenclature of binary molecular compounds
- [Electrochemistry: Quantitative Description of Electrolytic Cells](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/electrochemistry-quantitative-description-of-electrolytic-cells/) - Go Back to Video List Go to Home page
- [News](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/news/) - Better Pay for Adjuncts "'Professor Staff’ Dominates Today’s Colleges" is a discussion that was broadcast on NPR, The Sound of Ideas, on Tuesday, June 4, 2013. In the discussion, the lack of benefits and pay for adjunct professors and part-time faculty is addressed. In many colleges and universities up to 70% of courses offered are
- [Navigating Around CSU](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/navigating-around-csu/) - There are three videos on this page. Please scroll down to choose a video to watch. 1. Directions from Parking Garage to Symposium 2. Directions from Euclid Avenue to Symposium 3. Directions from Symposium to Teaching Labs Video Directions from Parking Garage to Symposium Video Directions from Euclid Avenue to Symposium
- [Quiz](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/quiz/) - Quiz3_2LatestSmall_controller
- [Chapter 10 Reactions of Epoxides](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chapter-10-reactions-of-epoxides/) - In class we covered ether reactions. This video is the rest of the material that we did not cover.
- [Symposium Schedule of Events](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-symposium/symposium-schedule-of-events/) - Tentative Schedule of Events. Cleveland State University’s Spring 2013 General Chemistry Symposium March 14 and 15 The schedule will be updated as new talks/workshops are added. Video Directions to Symposium From Parking Garage Video Directions to Symposium From Euclid Avenue Video Directions to Teaching Labs from Symposium Thursday, March 14 Location: Main Classroom Atrium
- [Dining in Downtown Cleveland](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-symposium/dining-in-downtown-cleveland/) - Lola A Michael Symon Restaurant Blue Point Grille Great Seafood John Q's Best Steaks and French Onion Soup in Cleveland Johnnys Downtown Seafood, Italian XO Prime Steaks Good Steaks Muse at the Ritz Carlton Don's Lighthouse Great Seafood Pier W Great Seafood Crop Bistro Greenhouse Tavern
- [Registration Successful](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/registration-successful/) - Thank you for registering your students for the Chemistry Olympiad You will receive a confirmation email from chemistrypathway@aol.com within 24 hours.
- [Tremont Dining](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-symposium/tremont-dining/) - Velvet Tango Room For classic cocktails Dante Southside Lolitas A Michael Symon Restaurant Fahrenheit Parallax Bac's Asian American Bistro and Bar Ty Fun Thai Bistro Fat Cats Lava Lounge Luckys Cafe
- [Ohio City Dining](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-symposium/ohio-city-dining/) - Momocho Great Lakes Brewing Company Le Petit Triangle Banana Blossom Thai Cuisine The Flying Fig Johnny's Bar A bit pricey but excellent food and service Market Avenue Wine Bar Excellent selection of wine and port. Appetizers Available
- [Success](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/events/newsletter-2/chemistry-symposium/registration-complete/) - Your registration was successful!! Thank you for registering for the symposium. A confirmation email will be sent from chemistrypathway@aol.com within 24 hours
- [Videos for CHM 262](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/courses/) - Videos for my courses are Posted below. Click on the link for the video you wish to view. CHM 262 How to Navigate Blackboard and OWL
- [testing](https://pathwaystochemistry.com/chemistry-qa/videos/testing/)
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